Anatomy & Physiology

Hypothalamus

Liver

Uterus & Cervix

Kidney

Mammary Tissue

Diseases

Horomones excreted & Function

What it does

Parathyroid

Controlled by- Anterior Lobe

• Metabolism Source
• Embedded/ Close Proximity to the Thyroid

• Parathyroid Hormone: Calcium metabolism through increasing calcium blood levels

• Rickets: Deformed/ Wekened bones due to a lack of Vitamin D causing less calcium to be absorbed

Horomones excreted & Function

What it does

Thyroid

Controlled by- Anterior Lobe

• Regulates metabolic practices

• Thyroid Stimulating Horomone (TSH): Produces Thyroxine/ maintains homeostasis
• Thyroxine: Made with tyrosine & iodine, comes in two forms- T3 (active/ potent form of the horomone) & T4 (active at tissue level), thyroxine increases metabolic rate, contraction, temperature and oxygen consumption. Also stimulates the breakdown of adipose tissue and contributes to protein synthesis
• Calcitonin: Regulation of calcium levels (antagonist of parathyroid) by reducing osteoclasts

Diseases

• Hypothyroidism: Thyroxine Deficiency; metabolism slows. Hair, coat, or skin problems. Alopecia or a skin infection
• Hyperthyroidism: Excesssive Thyroxine; Common for Elderly, weightloss, abnormal appetite, excessive urination, active, rapid heart rate, diarrhea, & vomiting

Horomones excreted & Function

What it does

Liver

Controlled by- Anterior Lobe

• Filtration

• Somatropin: Growth for muscle and bone tissue, increases protein synthesis, and stimluates liver to make somatomedin (bone and cartilage grower)

Diseases

• Jaundice: Yellow complection due to bilirubin in the blood because the liver couldn't process the blood properly as it breaks down

Diseases

Horomones excreted & Function

What it does

Pancreas

• Blood sugar balance

Controlled by- Anterior Lobe

• Insulin & Glucagon: Controls blood sugar levels
• Tripsin: Protein break down

• Diabetes: Animal consistently had high blood sugar causing the pancreas to deteriorate; signs are polydipsia & polyuria
• Hypoglycemia: Insulin overdose that could case a coma; signs are lethargy, weakness, and uncoordinated muscle movement

Duodenum

Diseases

Horomones excreted & Function

• Milk expulsion

What it does

Mammary Tissue

• (PL) Oxytocin: Stimulates mammary gland ducts

• Mastitis: Infection that causes the mammary gland to swell, inhibiting the release of oxytocin/ milk

Controlled by- Posterior Lobe

• (AL) Prolactin: Prepares mammary gland ducts for milk production & signals for it to start making milk

Controlled by- Anterior Lobe

Diseases

Horomones excreted & Function

What it does

Kidney

• Makes urine
• Removes waste

Controlled by- Posterior Lobe

• (PL) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Regulates urine formation & water reabsorbtion, constricts atrioles to increase blood pressure, and causes the distal tubules in the kidneys to be water permeable
• (AL) Aldostrone: Increase sodium ion reabsorbtion for more water to be in the bloodstream
• (AL) Renin: Accelerates angiotensin and releases aldosterone which increases blood pressure
• (AL) Erythropoietin: Stimulate bone marrow in production of RBC's

• Diabetes Insipudus: Always thirsty, excessive urine, dilute urine, and incontinent

Controlled by- Anterior Lobe

Diseases

Horomones excreted & Function

What it does

Adrenal Glands

Controlled by- Anterior Lobe

• Controls heart rate and blood pressure

• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Regulates adrenal glands, stimulates adrenal cortex to produce Aldosterone which controls blood pressure & urine producion as well as Cortisol which stimluates the liver to make fat & protein into glucose
• Adrenal medulla releases Epinephrine (adrenaline) and non adrenaline which are used during stress periods; causes increased heart rate and blood pressure
• Adrenal cortex makes Mineralocortids & Glucocortids for androgens and estrogens to be produced

• Porcine Stress Syndrome: Genetically transmitted myopathy that occurs when they are very stressed

Horomones excreted & Function

What it does

Ovaries

Controlled by- Anterior Lobe

• (AL) Lutenizing Hormone (LH): Signals ovulation/ corpus luteum which produces progesterone (pregnancy maintainer)
• (AL) Follicle- Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Regulates estrous cycle & stimulates follicle formation producing estrogen
• (H) Gonadroptin- Releasing Hormone (GnRH): Maintains the normal estrus cycle

• Egg Formation

Controlled by- Hypothalamus

Horomones excreted & Function

• Parturition/ Birthing process

What it does

Uterus & Cervix

• Oxytocin: Contraction of smooth muscle tissue & helps the dialation of the cervix

Controlled by- Posterior Lobe

Diseases

Horomones excreted & Function

What it does

Testes

Controlled by- Anterior Lobe

• Lutenizing Hormone (LH): Stimulates interstitial cells in the testes to make testosterone
• Follicle- Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Controls sperm production in the seminiferous tubules

• Sperm Producion

• Macroorchidism: When the patient has abnormally large testes

Provides a link between nervous and endocrine systems

Hypothalamus

• Connected to the pituitary via the posterior pituitary gland (They are connected by Axons)
• Produces several releasing & inhibiting factors through a venous portal system

Divides into the Posterior and Anterior lobe

Pituitary Gland

• Posterior lobe is connected to hypothalamus
• Anterior does the most work
• Related to all the hormone secretions of the endocrine glands

• Cholecystokinin (CCK): Stimulates pancreas and gallbladder to release digestive enzymes
• Secretin: Helps bile production thrugh sodium bicarbonate
• Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP): Slows stomach activity

Cups the bottom of the pancreas & secretes 3 hormones aiding in digestion

Duodenum (AL)