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Interpretation of X-rays

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Created on April 28, 2024

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MSK X-ray Intepretation Skills

Index

Introduction

Objectives

Principles

Examples

References

Introduction

Medical Decision Making

+ INFO

Introduction

X-rays

High density tissue (e.g. bone) – absorb x-rays to a greater degree, and appear white on the film. Low density tissue (e.g the lungs) – absorb x-rays to a lesser degree, and appear black on the film. Intermediate density tissue (e.g. muscle and fat) – appears as shades of grey on the x-ray film.

+ INFO

Objectives

Review a systematic approach to interpreting orthopedic trauma x-rays

Review the language of fracture description

Practice X-ray interpretation from given examples

ABCs Approach

Pre ABC: identify pt, read provided info time etc and part imaged

ADEQUACY ALIGNMENT

CARTILAGE

BONES

SOFT TISSUES

ALIGNMENT

ADEQUACY

VIEWS (RULE OF 2S) PENETRATION

Bone alignment vs contralateral side Bone alignment relative to proximal and distal bones

BONES

BONES

IDENTIFY SPECIFIC BONE BONE DENSITY CORTICAL DISCONTINUITY

BONE ABNORMALITY -LOCATION -SHAPE

Identify specific bones & abnormalities

SOFT TISSUES

Look for soft tissue swelling and joint effusions

+ INFO

Describe this radiograph.

LANGUAGE OF FRACTURES

Important for use to describe x-rays in medical terminology. Improves communication with orthopedic consultants

OPEN FRACTURES

Fractured bone and/or fracture hematoma are exposed to the external environment via a traumatic violation of the soft tissue and skin

ANATOMICAL LOCATION

LATERALITY

SPECIFIC BONE

Describe the precise anatomic location of the fracture

FEMUR / HUMERUS / ULNA ETC

LEFT / RIGHT

JOINT INVOLVEMENT

LOCATION

INTRAARTICULAR / EXTRAARTICULAR / PERIARTICULAR

PROXIMAL / MIDDLE / DISTAL THIRD

FRACTURE PATTERNS

What type of fractures are these?

FRACTURE FRAGMENTS

Terms to be familiar with when describing the relationship of fracture fragments

ALIGNMENT

Alignment is the relationship in the longitudinal axis of one bone to another Angulation is any deviation from normal alignment

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Angulation is described in degrees of angulation of the distal fragment in relation to the proximal fragment—to measure angle draw lines through normal axis of bone and fracture fragment

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+ INFO

Displacement

broad term that refers to angulation, translation and rotation

Bayonette apposition

overlap of fracture fragments

Distraction

displacement in the longitudinal axis of the bones

Translation

displacement / movement of fractured bones away from each other

Dislocation

disruption of normal relationship of articular surfaces

Describe the fracture fragments

ANSWER

This is a closed midshaft tibial fracture….But how do we describe the fragments? This is an example of partial apposition; note part of the fracture fragments are touching each other Alternatively you can describe this as translated 1/3 the thickness of the bone Final answer: Closed midshaft tibial fracture with moderate (33%) lateral translation

+ INFO

DISLOCATION

Articular surfaces of the JOINT no longer maintain their normal CONGRUENT relationship Dislocations are named by the position of the distal segment relative to the proximal segment

SUMMARY

To review, when seeing a patient with a fracture and the x-ray, describe the following: -Anatomic location of fracture (distal, mid, proximal) and if fracture is intra-articular -Fracture line (transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted) -Relationship of fracture fragments (angulation, displacement, dislocation, etc)

Thank you!

Sebastian Ndlovu

MBChB, MRCS, MSc

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