CIVI irlandaise

Civilisation irlandaise

1169 : arrival of strongbow=> defeat of Dermot Mac Murrough, King of Leinster so they called Norman = union of marriage. => impose feudal syst.

They didn't have pol syst but only separated enemy kingdoms : Ulster, Connacht, Mide, Leinster, Munster. More inclined to respect than laws.

Vicking converted to christianity + trading posts implanted + constant turmoil btween 11-12th

Celtic churches remained peacefully = ideals of organisation, uniformity, and discipline

XVth : Anglo interested in Ireland for defensive motives

Celtic influence

Norman conquest not completed due to Gaels resistance (North and West) => discrimination1366 : separation of Gaels and Anglo + forbidden to speak Irish in Pale

Vicking

Christianity

Anglo-norman

They were able to escape Roman invasion. But christianity still reached them (St.Patrick 5th)

Vicking invasion 795 AD - 10th century. They attacked monasteries and put people into slavery

Henry II asked Pope Adrian IV to submit the inhabitants and extirpate vice from Ireland

600 BC~ : First celts and Gaels arrive to the lands to settle.

Henry Grattan who led the battle in favour ofparliamentary reform and Catholic emancipation. + Wolfe Tone, 2nd leader, wanted to unite of all Irishmen, Catholics, Protestants and Dissenters through the creation of the United Irishmen Society.

England was breaking up with Rome so they had their monastic orders removed. But Ireland not ready for changes => Under threat, Irish church obeyed to En church

New religion : Puritans want to take control of Irish which led to rebellion, making them do a massacre against the protestants + EN couldn't help as they were in middle of civil war

Sporadic clashes between volunteers and policemen had occurred in 1918, but the first manifest engagement in Anglo-Irish war was the murder of two members of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC)in January 1919.

1536-1800

1641

XVIII

M.Collins became chairman and formed the free state army. + Anti-treaty IRA members came to be known as Irregulars. => more conflicts

anglicisation of Ulster began. Scotsmen and En had various Irish lands. + The English King Charles Stuart I embarked on a policy aimed at anglicising Ireland.

1688

1858-1859 : Creation of Fenianism (organisations founded in Ireland +USA)+ In 1880, Parnell became the leader of the Irish party and was the unchallenged leader of nationalist Ireland.

Rebellion against James II for his support on Catholicism => Glorious revolution = Mary and William of Orange took the throne (protestants)

1605

The Government of Ireland Act (1920) provided the framework of the constitution of Northern Ireland. + the Dail initiated the Belfast Boycott, in an effort to cripple Nothern Ireland’s eco + to protest against the treatment of northern Catholics.

Power sharing worked until Oct 2002 as a spyinc case got opened. => suspension of Stormont and a return to direct rule from London, which lasted 4 years.March 2007: elections leading to the reopening of Stormont.

Civil war in the streets of Belfast leading the British army to Northern Ireland. Protestant apprehension was seen in the election to Westminster in 1970 of the Reverand Ian Paisley, unionist in favour of abolishment of trad unionists

1969

2002

1922

Northern Ireland Constitutional act: 1973.The British gov acknowledged the right of the Republic of Ireland to be involved in any settlement. + 1972 gov white paper outlined plans for a new assembly and power sharing executive.

While Northern Ireland gave help during WWII, the rest took profits to make a rebellion against the gov +In 1949, the Ireland act endowed Stormont with the ultimate right to decide on the constitutional position of the state.

1949

Nb : La fin du cours n'était pas très importante pour moi... Donc j'ai rien noté. Bon courage.

1973: The Sunningdale Agreement was a major victory for the SDLP => It was the first time since 1925 that political leaders from North, South and Britain met for talks = possible change for reunification. But Radical Ulster unionists ruined the agreement.The IRA’s strategy was to use bombs, murder and cause enough damage to force the British to withdraw from Northern Ireland. => Culminated in the 1981 hunger strikes + In 1986, Sinn fein decided to take seats in the Dail, a crucial decision, which broke with the history of republican abstention and effectively recognised the partition of Ireland.Nov 1985 : Anglo-Irish Agreement = equality treatment recognition of Irish and British identities of both communities. But it didn't stop the IRA bombing 1998 Good Friday Agreement => involved Bill Clinton and Senator George Mitchell to cease the IRA attack + Recognition of the legal existence of Northern Ireland, the consent principle and the primacy of constitutional politics. (debate on staying with EN (loyalist) or not (republican).

1922: Civil authorities special powers act = against Catholic minority + The RUC (Royal Ulster Constabulary) replaced the RIC. The RUC was locally recruited, predominantly Protestant and implicated in sectarian killings => Northern Catholics + Southern Protestants in hostile environement => Northern Ireland was at the same time, a democratic state and a bastion of protestant power Catholics remained poorer, less well educated, and more likely to be unemployed than Protestants. + Nationalists came under pressure from their own communities not to take up positions in the RUC and in the civil service

It attempted to address the residual problem of Catholic disadvantage 60's : rising of organisations. + The civil rights movement’s respectability and its dedication to non violent action won it important allies such as the British Labour Party. 1967 : Unionist apprehension was raised by a a series of protest marches organised by NICRA => Rapid breakdown of law and order Oct 1968 : Civil rights march Derry among Northern Irish catholics => Under heavy pressure from London, O’ Neill offered a five point programme for reform later that year. = but for unionists it looked like capitulation from protestants. Jan 1969 : long march from Belfast to Derry = Loyalists mob repeatedly attacked this march and terrible confrontation took place at Burntollet Bridge February 1969 : It revealed a major split in O’Neill’s loyalist party and O’Neill resigned in April.

June 28, 1922 : troops fired at irregulars => Civil war June 1922 to May 1923. = Anti-treaty forces had not been able to capitalize on their initial military advantage and had not won popular support. = The legacy of the civil war scarred Ireland for several decades and deprived the country of some of its most able leaders like Collins.Pro treaty party took the name of Cunnan na n’Gaedheal + Anti treaty party retained the name of Sinn Fein + It founded an unarmed police force: Garda Siochana and constructed a democratic political system through the constitution of 1922 for more stability within Ireland. => De Valera founded the Fianna Fail party (democratic) and began to steer towards the dail. Removing the remnants of British rule began with 1933’s Constitutional Amendment(Removal of oath) Bill.

1536 : The Irish parliament was made to declare that Ireland belonged to the English Crown. (Only within the Pale, nowhere else since Gaels resisted) => The majority of the population remained Catholic under the spiritual direction of Jesuits. Which led to rebellion against EN for catholicism. But EN stronger + defeat of O'neil dynasty 1603 + conquest of EN

1607 : flight of Hugh O’Neill and more than 90 Ulster Counts who considered they had better flee from the country that would never be theirs again => The flight of the Earls 1610 : 6 out 9 Ulster counties were divided into plots to be given to English and Scottish settlers. => Irish cult + construction changed by new policies + structures of EN

Many raids from the IRA => harassing then, officials and big houses + Extra forces were recruited to bring the country under control, the most notorious being The Black and Tans and the Auxilliaries. => home rule was clearly no longer acceptable to the nationalist Irish electorate, but a compromise had to be found in order to avoid further bloodshed. The Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921) : 6 counties would remain under the authority of Belfast and 26 under the authority of Dublin. The latter would form The Irish Free State. Nevertheless, it contained a continuing connection with the British Empire and the abandonment of Irish autonomy because of an oath of fidelity to the Monarch and the Commonwealth. => But a minority was against it.

30 January 1972: Bloody Sunday : Troops fired on anti internment marchers in Derry. Increase of violence = turned against the security forces. On March 24th, British P.M. E. Heath announced that Stormont would be replaced by direct rule from London. => The IRA claimed Stormont’s suppression as a victory, judged as the protector of the working class catholic communities. + The IRA split into the Provisional IRA (PIRA) and the official IRA in 1969. + Sinn Fein, the political wing of the IRA likewise split in 1970. Increase of death toll by loyalist paramilitaries between 1970 and 1998 + They aimed to terrorise catholic communities which they believed were sympathetic to the IRA and to send clear messages to the British and Irish gov about the csqs of British withdrawal or Irish unity.

Many parties were created : - The Gaelic league was founded in 1893. • Sinn Fein (republicans) emerged in 1905. - Gaelicism, Catholicism, and anglophobia formed the foundation of an exclusive parochial and increasingly prescriptive variety of national identity. + Protestants were against the home-rule of Ireland => The Ulster Volonteer Force was founded in 1913. It was a paramilitary organisation established to resist home-rule by violent means if necessary. During WWI, home-ruling was suspended until the end of hostilities => 1916 : Easter rising against protestants = De Valera, survivor of the Easter rising, became president of the Sinn Fein (1917). => reconstituted itself as Dail Eireann ( the parliament of Ireland) in January 1919. It declared Irish Independance. De Valera was President of the Dail and of the Republic.

1642 : Meeting in the confederation of Kilkenny : Owen Roe, O’Neill, Hugh O’Neill’s nephew, came back to Ireland with the idea of creating a catholic Ulster army => 1649-1652 : Cromwell came to defeat the Irish and control more lands. When Charles II + James II were on the throne, Irish were pleased as they were catholic. They were in favour of catholicism in Ireland despite anger of parliament.

After an act of rebellion => Act of Union on 1801 : supressed Dublin Parliament + joined Ireland and Britain together in the UK, under the legislative control of Westminster.The term refers to removal of all barriers to admission of Catholics to positions from which they remained excluded by penal laws. It was a key political issue in the first decades of the XIX th century. O’Connell was the undisputed leading light in the campaign for Catholic emancipation. In 1829, the emancipation act was passed. 1845-9 : Great Famine of Ireland due to massive immigrant waves.

Uprising of Ireland to help James II but it led to the treaty of Limerick, signed by James II in 1691. Which elaborates on not giving him the crown. - to set up framework on rebels for working for James II, to lay out a stable gov + religious freedom for Catholics. 1691 to 1728 : Laws were implanted to discriminate catholics (made by protestants lol) Then of their civil rights under queen Ann.

Peace process came in 2007 + St Andrews agreement (Oct 2006) + and Sinn Féin formed a gov in May 2007 => Ireland ☺ 9 January 2017 – 11 January 2020: new breakdown=> scandal involving DUP First Minister Arlene Foster + Resignation of Sinn Féin Deputy First Minister March McGuinness in protest => Foster removed from position=> Elections in 2017 but failure to form an Executive (disagreements between DUP & SF over social issues => Restauration in 2020, but Feb 2021: threat of a new suspension <- DUP MLAs threatened to bring down the Assembly in protest agst the Brexit deal on NI/UK border in the Irish seaFeb 2022; DUP First Minister resigned => Deputy FM too (Other Stormont ministers can remain in position but the Executiveve can no longer meet and is unable to make significant decisions.) => 30 January 2024, leader of the DUP Jeffrey Donaldson announced that the DUP would restore an executive government on the condition that new legislation was passed by the UK House of Commons (on UK/EU deal)