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Conditionals

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Transcript

O1

english

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introduction

When we want to describe a situation that depends on something else, we can use a conditional. A conditional has two parts – an if-clause and a main clause. We talk about the situation or action in the if-clause and the result in the main clause. <If you finish your homework,> [you can go out and play.] <if-clause> [main clause] The if-clause can come before the main clause or after it. When we put the if-clause before the main clause, we use a comma to separate the clauses. <If I eat too much, I feel sleepy. I feel sleepy if I eat too much>.

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Zero conditional

Usage:

We use Type 0 conditional to talk about: 1. general truths ( If we eat contaminated food, we become ill - If we don’t feel well, we see a doctor) 2. scientific facts: If we heat water to 100°C, it boils. 3. imperatives: If you don’t feel well, see a doctor. 4. routines:If I wake up early, I always read in bed

'When' is used for a question.

Whenever is best used for repeated events or events whose date or time is uncertain. It also used to Answer/ response

First conditional / Conditional Type 1

Usage:

We use the first conditional to talk about possible and probable situations in the future, and their consequences.If it rains tomorrow morning, we will cancel the picnic. If you are hungry now, I will make you some pancakes.

 We use can/may in the main clause instead of will for permission. - If you need me, you can call me. You may go if there is no other business to announce or discuss.  We use may/might/could for possibility. If the No.3 typhoon signal is hoisted tomorrow morning, the ferry services may/might/could be suspended.  We use can/could for ability. If you work harder, you can/could get level 4 or 5 in English.  We can use the present perfect or present continuous in the if-clause. If it has stopped raining, we can go out now. If you are having meal now, I’ll call you again later.

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First conditional / Conditional Type 1

 We can use should in the if-clause if we are less sure about a possibility. I don’t think Cheryl is going to the party this evening, but if I should see her, I’ll give her a message. When we use should, we can omit if and begin the clause with should. Should I see her at the party, I’ll give her your message.

 We can use would in the if-clause to make a request. If you would wait a minute, I’ll have the present wrapped for you. (= if you wouldn’t mind waiting/if you could wait)  We use present simple tense in the if-clause when talking about the future. If you go to the book fair tomorrow, you may see the novelist. She will be there promoting her new book

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Recap..

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Second conditional / Conditional Type 2

Usage:

We use Type 2 conditional to talk about something which is not true or not real now or in the future (imaginary situations). If I had a car, I would take you for a ride around the city.(= I don’t have a car) If he knew, we would ask him.(= he doesn’t know)

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Second conditional / Conditional Type 2

 We can use the past continuous tense in the if-clause. (Situation: My uncle and aunt are taking me to Ocean Park tomorrow.) If I were not going with them, I would be glad to go with you.  We can use would + be + -ing for what could have happened. If he were here now, we would be playing TV games. (= he’s not here)  We always use were in the if-clause in formal writing and speech. If the weather were fine today, we’d go to the beach. In less formal contexts, we can use was with I, he, she, it, etc. If I wasn’t so tired, I’d go out with you. We often use if I were you to give advice, and if you were me to ask for advice. If I were you, I’d think twice before I accept. If you were me, would you accept the offer?

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Third conditional / Conditional Type 3

Usage

We use Type 3 conditional to talk about something which did not happen in the past.

(Situation: The weather suddenly turned bad yesterday.) If we had gone out, we would have been caught in the heavy rain. (= we did not go out so we were not caught in the heavy rain) The third conditional is often used to express regret. If I had invested in the company when I had the opportunity, I would have made a lot of money. (= I didn’t invest in the company and I didn’t make a lot of money)

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Third conditional / Conditional Type 3

 We can use the past perfect continuous in the if-clause. (Situation: The teacher was speaking too fast.) If the teacher had been speaking slowly, we would have written down all the notes.  We can use might/could + have + past participle in the main clause. If you had come earlier, you might have seen him. If I had been told the time schedule, I could have stopped him from speaking.  We can omit if and put had at the beginning of the clause. This is a formal structure and is more common in writing. Had the government taken the opinions in time, such problems would not have occurred

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Wish  We use wish to talk about: 1. regret for a past situation [ wish , past perfect tense (had + p.p.) ] I wish I had worked harder. I wish I had not argued with my parents. 2. imaginary situations in the present [wish , past tense ] I wish I were a billionaire. I wish I knew everything in exam. 3. something that you want to happen in the future but you think it may not happen [ wish , would + bare infinitive ] I wish my friend would call me soon. I wish you would come with us to the party

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