BASIC SHAPES PRESENTATION

INDUSTRIAL PLANTS

Industrial plants, also known as manufacturing plants or factories, are facilities where various processes are carried out to produce goods or materials on a large scale. They exist to provide saleable commodities, at a price that ensures a profit for both the holders and share holders.

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Locating an industrial plant is divided into two main groups:

Non- Geographical factors

Geographical factors

Nowadays alternative raw materials are also being used because of modern science and technological developments. The availability of electric power supply over wider areas and the increasing mobility of labor have reduced the influence of geographical factors on the location of industries. The non-geographical factors are those including economic, political, historical, and social factors. These factors influence our modern industries to a great extent. Following are some of the important non-geographical factors influencing the location of industries.

Geographical factors play a crucial role in shaping the location and success of industrial plants worldwide. Various elements of geography, including proximity to raw materials, transportation infrastructure, labor availability, and environmental regulations, significantly impact the decision-making process of where to establish industrial facilities. Below, we'll explore some key geographical factors and their influence on industrial plant locations and operations.

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Geographical

1. RAW MATERIALS

The significance of raw materials in the manufacturing industry is so fundamental that it needs no emphasis. The location of industrial enterprises is somewhat determined simply by the location of the raw materials. The modem industry is so complex that a wider range of raw materials is necessary for its growth. This is true in the case of raw materials which lose weight in the process of manufacture and cannot bear high transport costs or cannot be transported over long distances because of their perishable nature. For example, a food processing plant may decide to locate closer to the market for finished goods as opposed to being close to the agriculture raw materials.

Geographical

2.Availability to Power

3. Availability to labour

industries generally depend on coal, oil, and hydroelectricity as sources of power. As a result, they would tend to be located close to that source of power. For example, the steel and iron industries are generally located near coal mines and electro-chemical industries would be found near sources of hydroelectric power. However, in recent times, piping oil over great distances has become much easier and hydro-electricity has become more widely available, allowing for the decentralization of some of these industries. If the power required is only available in a particular area, then efforts will be made to cut costs by locating close to that source of power. For example, after the Industrial Revolution in England, the main source of power was coal which was heavy and costly to transport. Many industries that relied on coal for power were relocated near coal fields. This influence on the location of the industry has become less important in recent times as many plants now rely on electricity which is readily available and v]can be transported at affordable costs.

A large number of skilled workers are needed to run industrial plants, so companies would be attracted to urban areas where an adequate supply of cheap labor can be obtained. In our country, the modern industry still requires a large number of workers despite increasing mechanization. There is no problem in securing unskilled labor by locating such industries in large urban centers. Although the location of any industrial unit is determined after a careful balancing of all relevant factors, light consumer goods and agro-based industries generally require a plentiful labor supply. If sufficient labor is not available in the area of location, it is very expensive to transport the labor to where the industry is located.

Geographical

3. Proximity to Markets

4. Access to Transport

Most industries operate near major highways to have easy access to raw materials and markets. In the case of industries that export goods, closeness to rail, seas, and air transport are important factors in low-cost production

Industries can be found in close proximity to markets. This not only reduces the cost of transport of manufactured goods, it also allows the consumer to get these products at a cheaper rate. Additionally, being near to a market can reduce the possibility of goods being damaged during transportation, for example eggs.

Geographical

5. CLIMATE

6. SITE

A large amount of flat land, with easy access to transport is required to build an industrial plant. In recent times, industries have been found in rural areas because of the lack of space in the city and the high realty prices.

Harsh climates, for example, those that are extremely cold, hot or dry are unsuitable for the development of industries. For instance, the cotton industrial plants were built mainly in warm humid area where the chance of thread breakage was low. Nowadays there are artificial humidifiers, but these increase the cost of production.

7. Availability of water

Many industries such as the iron and steel industry as well as the textile and chemical industries need large amounts of water for them to function properly and as such are located near rivers, lakes, or canals. Water is essential for cleaning and cooling or steam generation. If supplies such as rivers are not there, large reservoirs may be needed.

Non- Gegraphical

2. Government Policies.

1. CAPITAL

Government policies that are set up to combat regional imbalances, increase decentralization, and reduce land, air, and water pollution can play a part in the location of the industry. Also, the government offers subsidiaries for industries if they set up in certain places can play a role in their location. Through various incentives, governments can encourage the relocation of industries. They may do this to hrlp devlelop depressed areas with high unemployment.

Modern industries are capital-intensive and require huge investments. Capitalists are available in urban centers or big cities as these are where capital can be obtained at low-interest rates.

3. Banking Facilities

The establishment of industries involves the daily exchange of crores of rupees which is possible through banking facilities only. So the areas with better banking facilities are better suited to the establishment of industries.

Non- Gegraphical

5. Industrial Inertia

4. Efficient Organization

Efficient and enterprising organization and management are essential for running the modem industry successfully. Bad management sometimes squanders away the capital and puts the industry in financial trouble leading to industrial ruin. Bad management does not handle the labor force efficiently and tactfully, resulting in labor unrest. It is detrimental to the interest of the industry. Strikes and lock-outs lead to the closure of industries. Hence, there is an imperative need for effective management and organization to run the industries.6. INSURANCE There is a constant fear of damage to machines and men inindustries for which insurance facilities are badly needed.

Industries tend to develop at the place of their original establishment, though the original cause may have disappeared. This phenomenon is referred to as inertia, sometimes geographical inertia, and sometimes industrial inertia. The lock industry at Aligarh is such an example.

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HEALTH AND SAFETY

In larger plants, a properly medical centre may be appropriate

Ensuring emergency exits are clearly marked and unimpeded.

Guardrails, safety chains, and hole covers are there to prevent a worker from failing or safely stopping a worker who falls.

Using tools and processes which are inherenlty safe, rather than those which involve danger

There must be adequate control of any hazardous energy that is harmful to employees that can be unexpectedly released during servicing and maintenance of machinery

Hazard communication requires employers to classify information in the form of labels, data, sheets, training programs, of any chemicals the company produces or imports

In order to prevent occupational illness from inhaling chemical fumes, smoke, etc. engineering control measures, such as enclosing the operating rooms ventilation must be used