ANCIENT GREECE

Historia

ANCIENT GREECE

Empezar

INDEX

1.- THE GEOGRAPHY OF ANCIENT GREECE: CHARACTERISTICS

1.1.- Periods of the History of Ancient Greece

2.- THE ORIGINS OF THE GREEK CIVILISATION

3.- THE ARCHAIC AGE AND COLONISATION

4.- THE CLASSICAL AGE

5.- ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

4.1.- ATHENS

6.- THE HELLENISTIC AGE

4.2.- SPARTA

7.- ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE

4.3 THE GRECO-PERSIAN WARS

8.- ANCIENT GREEK ART

THE WARS OF THE 5TH CENTURY B.C

THE PEOLOPONNESIAN WARS

THE GRECO PERSIAN WAR

ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE

1.- GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

2.- MAIN BUILDINGS

3.- ARCHITECTURAL ORDERS

4.- THE TEMPLE

GREEK ART AND ARCHITECTURE

SCULPTURE

ARCHITECTURE

PAINTING AND POTTERY

THE GREEK TEMPLE

1.- GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

2.- MAIN ELEMENTS

THE GRECO-PERSIAN WARS

5.- In the Second WAr, Xerxes II atacked Greece with a very powerful army (480 B.C)

1.- By the 5th century, the Persians had a huge empire, extending form India to Egypt.

6.- The Greeks lost the Battle of the Termopylae (Spartan king Leonidas and his 300 Hoplites)

2.- The Greek colonies of Asia Minor fought the Persians with the help of Athens.

7.- But wining a battle desn't mean to win the war, and the Persians lost the battles of Salamis (naval battle), and Platea (479 B.C9

3.- The King of Persian Darius I, defeated the Greeks, but when he tried to conquer Greece, Athens and Sparta medi an alliance,

8.- After expelling the Persians, the Greek polis divided into txo alliances:

1. The Delos League (leaded by Athens)
2. The Peloponnesian League (leaded by Sparta,

4.- After having conquered varios regions, Darius lost the Battle of Marathon against Athens (490 B.C9

THE PELOPONNESIAN WARS

1.- These wars were caused by the rivalry between Sparta and Athens.

3.- In this case, Athens and its allies fought against Sparta and its allies

4.- Athens lost the war, but Sparta and most of the Greek Polis were weakened in the conflict.

2.- They lasted from 431 to 404 B.C

SPARTA

1.- Spartans conquered neighbouring lands, but did not migrate

2.- Spartans created a prowerful army. Citizens dedicated their lives to military training

3.- Spartans had slaves: the HELOTS

4.- Sparta was an OLIGARCHY

5.- SPARTA POLITICAL ORGANIZATION:

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

1.- Territories

2.- Characteristics

3.- Points in Common

CHARACTERISTICS

1. EUROPEAN GREECE: (The Balkan Peninsula) The Attika and the Peloponnese Peninsula
2. ASIAN GREECE: (in Asia Minor) Along the coast of the Anatolian Peninsula

3.- GREEK ISLANDS: Archipielagos in the Aegean Sea4.- COLONIES: In the Italian Peninsula, Corsica, Sardinia (Magna Greece) the Iberian Peninsula....

ATHENS

1.- Poverty in the countryside led to SOCIAL REVOLTS against the abuses of Aristocracy.

2.- 6th Century: Solon tried to reduce the power of Aristocracy

6.- The rights of CITIZENS marked the beginning of DEMOCRACY

3.- When the TYRANTS ruled, they difended the people against aristocracy; they were authoritarian

5.- CITIZENS: They all had the same rights. They had to pay taxes and go to the army,

4.- Later in the same century, Clistenes introduced reforms: The aristocracy and free people shared power. They all were CITIZENS

7.- Athens was a DIRECT DEMOCRACY. There were no representatives and citizens proposed laws

9..- Democracy was restricted to Citizens. Non-citizens, women, METICS and slaves couldn't participate in politics.

8.- Most of the population of Athens didn't have political rights

10.- To protect Democracy, OSTRACISM appeared.

11.- MOST IMPORTANT INSTITUTIONS IN ATHENS

12.- During the 5th century, under Pericles Athens lived its golden age in Politics, Arts, Sciences and Philosophy.

PERIODS

1.- 2600-1450 b.C.- The Minoan Civilisation

5.- 550-338 b.C.- The Classical Age

2.- 1600-1150 b.C. The Achaeans

6.- 338-148 b.C.- Hellenistic Period

3.- 1150- 750 b.C.- The Dorians

7.- 148 b.C.- Rome took control of the area

4.- 750-550 b.C.- The Archaic Age.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ANCIENT GREECE

4.- Sea trade development: many natural harbours

1.- Very montainous : Small plains and valleys

2.-Climate: Mediterranean. Insufficient agricultural production

5.- Isolation and political division: Many polis

3.- Trade: Important trade routs (Products: Wheat, grapes, olives...

THE ARCHAIC AGE and COLONISATIONS

• Came form the Eastern Mediterranean coast.
• They also lived in independent city-states (Tyre, Sidon, Biblos)
• They were sailors (sea trade)
• They had established trading posts in North Africa, Sicily, The Iberian Peninsula.
• They were competitors to the Greeks for the control of sea routes.
• Some of these trading posts became colonies and maritime powers (Carthage)
• They invented the alphabet.
• Along with Greek sailors, they wanted to discover new territories rich in minerals.
• When Carthage became independent, they were interested in controling by force other territories.
• Later on, when they expanded, they found another civilisation that was even more powerful than they: Rome.

• Population increased, but harvest were insufficient.
• Farmers became poor, and in danger of becaming slaves.
• Some inhabitants began to MIGRATE.
• WHEN: Between 8th and 6th centuries.
• WHERE: To places with good harbours, easy to be defended, and good for agriculture.
• They established colonies with the same political and social structure than the metropolis
• As a result, a trading network developed in the Mediterranean.
• Coins, such the DRACMA appeared.
• The main colonies where in the Black Sea, the Italian Peninsula ans Sicily.

THE PHOENICIANS

ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

1.- Agriculture was very important, but productivity was low. They produced Wheat, grapes, olives. Livestock: they had sheep, goats, donkeys, pigs.

4.- Women: Greece was a PATRIARCHAL society. Females had no rights and depended on a male.

Aristocratic women didn't work and spent their time in the GYNAECEUM.

Women didn'r receive much education. HETAERAE were the exception.

2.- Artisans: Produced leather, ceramics, perfumes, fabric....

In Sparta: women had greater rights. They received milatary training to prepare them to have strong children for the army.

In Athens

3.- Trade: it was very important between the colonies and their metropolises. There were markets in cities too.

5.- Education

In Sparta

7.- SOCIAL GROUPS

6.- Living in a Polis

The Hellenistic Kingdoms

THE HELLENISTIC AGE

The Conquests of Alexander

• After Alexander died, his general fought each other to control a piece of territorie.
• These became the Hellenistic Kingdoms:
• Antigonus ruled in Macedonia and Greece.
• Seleucus ruled in Mesopotamia and Persia (capital city Antioch)
• Ptolemay became king of Egypt (capital city, Alexandria).
• Some other important hellenistic cities were Pergamon or Miletus
• In these kingdoms Greek Art, religion and culture mixed with eastern traditions.
• Koine, a form of Greek language became official.

• After the assassination of Phillip II, his son Alexander rised to power.
• He led a military campaign against the Persians.
• He had a small but very well trained army, and he succeeded.
• He defeated Darius III and took control of the whole of the Persian Empire.
• His Empire extended from Greece to Western India, where he defeated King Porus at the battle of Hydaspes.
• On his return to Macedonia, Alexander died in 323 B.C. in Babylon.
• His Empire was divived among his generals.

Between 359 and 336 B.C. Filipo II of Macedonia conquered Greece. WHY?

1. After the Peloponnesian Wars Greek Polis continued to fight each other.
2. Thebes became the most important Polis for a short time.
3. But wars had weakened the Polis and the king of Macedonia took advantage of the situation

ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE

HISTORY AND SCIENCE

RELIGION

THEATRE

PHILOSOPHY

LITERATURE

GREEK THEATRE

Greek plays could be:

Theatre was very important for Greeks. Only men could be actors. They used masks and wore disguises to play the roles of men and women.

1. TRAGEDIES
1. They were mythical of epic histories
2. They usually finished with the death of the main character.
3. The most important authors were
1. Sophocles,
2. Aeschylus
3. Euripides

2. -COMEDIES:

1. They imitated people and made fun of them
2. The mos famous author was Aristophanes

1.- Greeks were POLYTHEISTICS. Gods had human shape and lived in Mount Olympus.

2.- Mythology was the explanation by using MYTHS of human events or natural phenomena.

4.- To predict the future or the wishes of the gods:

• Greeks searched for OMENS
• Greeks visited ORACLES
• SEERS spoke in the name of Gods.
• The most famous Oracle was the one of Delphi

3.- Greek gods had virtues and defects, but they were inmortal and could interven in human destiny.

6.- Greeks algo held events to honor gods:

• Theatrical contests
• Olympic games:

- Held every four years.- They took place in the Sanctury of Zeus Polieus

5.- Each city had a gardian spirit.Families also had altars at home to worshipped gods.Sometimes Greeks sacrified animals to please gods.

1.- Greeks tried to achieve proportion, balance and beauty in Sculpture.

3.- Human form was the main subject.

GREEK SCULPTURE

2.- Their sculptures were made of Wood, Limestone, Marble and Bronze.

A- ARCHAIC AGE

4.- We can find three different periods.

B.- CLASSICAL AGE

C.- HELLENISTIC AGE

CLASSICAL AGE

1.- Greeks searched beauty through perfect proportions: THE CANON

4.- Some important sculptors were: In the 5th Century B.c.

1. Poly¡kletos
2. Myron
3. Phidias

2.- Figures were no longer rigid or facing towards.

3.- A typical subject was that of Gods or Athletes tensing their mucles

5.- And in the 4th Century B.C:

1. Lysippus
2. Scopas
3. Praxiteles

ATHENS: THERE WERE NO SCHOOLS

GIRLS

BOYS

1. Received a formal private education.
2. They studied Literature, music and gymnastics.
3. At the age of 14 they focused on music and gymnastics.
4. They had to memorise parts from the Iliad and the Odyssey

1. Didn't get a formal education
2. Women taught girls some basic concepts at home.
3. Only Hetaerae received a higher education

1.- THE EKKLESIA: (The Assembly)

2.- THE BOULE:( Council of Five Hundred)

3.- HELIAIA: (Supreme Courts )

4.- MAGISTRATES

GREEK POLIS

1.- THE POLIS

• It consisted of a city and the CHORA or surrounding lands.
• Lands were property of the Aristocracy and free people.
• The concept of POLIS included villages and land to grow crops or for livestock

2.- THE ACROPOLIS

• High areaof the city. It had defensive walls.
• It gave refuge to citizens in case of attack.
• The main temples were there

3.- THE LOW AREA: It had narrow streets. There was no SEWERAGE system. Water came form springs and was scarce

5.- THE AGORA

• It was the CENTRAL SQUARE.
• It had covered passageways with columns : STOA.

6.- DRESSING IN GREECE

4.- HOUSES

• For poor people they were small, with one story-building and two or three rooms.
• Rich houses had two story-buildings around a courtyard

7.- EATING IN GREECE

HELLENISTIC AGE

1.- Sculptures became more expresive

4.- But they also depicted emotions: Pain.

6.- Thanks to Roman copies of Greek masterpieces we know most of these works

2.- Greeks idealised beauty

5.- And new subjects, as Childhood

3.- They depicted movement, sometimes turning sharply

RELIGION

LANGUAGE

CULTURE

Same gods and mythology

Identified themselves as HELLADIC culture

GREEK

ARCHAIC AGE

1.- Egyptian Sculpture influenced Archaic age

2.- postures were rigid, sttatic, like columns

3.- They faced forwards,

4.- They had big eyes an a forced smile: ARCHAIC SMILE

5 TYPICAL EXAMPLES:

• NUDED MALES: KOUROS
• DRESSED WOMEN: KORAI

SOCIAL GROUPS

1.- ARISTOCRATS:

• Members of rich families.
• They owned lands

2.- FREE PEOPLE

• They were traders, artisans, farmers...
• Men served in the army.

In return.

• They could own property (lands or houses)
• They could participate in politics.

3.- METICS

• They had to pay taxes.
• They didn't have political rights
• They were traders of artisans
• They had a status similar to freed slaves.

4.- SLAVES

• They were the workforce
• They were mainly Barbarians captured at war
• Some were also ex-citizens who were in strong debts
• They fulfiled everysingle task (Agriculture, miningn, domestic service....)

SPARTA

GIRLS

BOYS

1. They received a similar education to boys.
2. They learnt music and practiced gymnastics and other sports
3. They trained because they had to have strong boys to be soldiers

1. They left home at the age of 7.
2. From that moment, they were responsability of the State.
3. They lived in military champs with boys of their same age.
4. They studied music, but mainly received military training

PAININT AND POTTERY

The few examples of painting we have is in decorated POTTERY.

• Greeks decorated ceramics with geometric and organic patterns
• They used:
• Black figures on red background
• Red figures on a black background
• Various colours on a white background

Greek thinkers began to look for logical reasons instead of Myths to explain the world.This is the transition from MYTHOS TO LOGOS

The most important Greek Philosophers were:

• SOCRATES
• PLATO
• ARISTOTLE

Philosophy originated in Greece

They are the work of HOMER

1. The Iliad is about some events of the Trojan War.
2. The Odyssey is about Odysseus journey back home

Young greeks learnt to read and write with this works.

Iliad and Odyssey

Poems told histories about HEROES. The most important families said that they descended from a hero.

EPIC POETRY

CHARACTERISTICS OF ARQUITECTURE

• Greeks searched balance and armony on their buildings.
• In architecture the main characteristic is the use of STRAIGHT LINES
• They didn't use Arches, vaults or domes.
• Buildings were covered with DINTELS
• Greeks painted their buildings with bright colours

THE MYCENAEAN

THE MINOAN

- Around 1600 B.C. - The Achaeans were the first Grrek speakers. - They settled in European Greek. - Cities: Tiryns, Pylos, Mycenae - Warlike civilisation (bronze weapons and chariots). - During this period: Trojan War took place (The Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer)

- In Crete and Thira - They traded around the Mediterranan (ceramics, wine, oil...) - They developed a short of hieroglyphic writing. - The center of urban live: PALACES (Knossos) -Their cities did not have walls. - The Minoan civilisation declined after 1500 B.C. due to a volcanic eruption. - Invaded by the Mycenaean civilisation (from mainland Greece)

THE DARK AGES

- Around 1200: The Dorians. - They had better weapons. - They conquered Crete and the Peloponnese Peninsula. The Dorians removed the Aeolians and the Jonians. - Period of political, economic and cultural decline.

DIFERENT TYPES OF BUILDINGS

1.- STADIUMS

3.- GYMNASIUMS (PALAESTRA)

2.- HIPPODROMOS

5.- PORTICOS

4.- THEATRES

• HERODOTUS: The first and most famous historian.
• THUCYDIDES: The first scientific historian. He didn't use gods in this explanations

• PYTHAGORAS: Mathematics
• EUCLIDES: Geometry.
• ARCHIMEDES: Phisics
• HIPPOCRATES AND GALEN: Medicine
• ARISTARCHUS: Astronomy

RATIONAL THINKING

1.- TWO KINGS

2.- THE GEROUSIA

3.- THE APELLA

4.- FIVE EPHORS

Opisthodomos: The room where the citizens kept the treasure of the god.

Pediment: Element with sculptures for decoration

Pronaos: The entrance hall

Peristyle: Gallery of columns that surrounded the temple

Cella: Central room of the temple, containing the statue of the god to whom the greek dedicated the temple

1.- Most temples had rectangular floor plans

2.- the ones that were circular are the THOLOS

3.- The stepped platform with columns was the PERISTYLE

4.- There was an ENTABLATURE on the top.

5.- Temples had sloped roofs with a triangular pediment at each of the ends.

6.- At first temples were made of wood. Later greeks built them on marble. They were painted in bright colours.

7.- Friezes and Pediments had reliefs and sculptures