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*BRING THE CURSOR TO THE EARTH*

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THE UNIVERSE

SCIENCE

WHAT WILL WE LEARN?

Theory of Evolution of the Universe Expansion and the destruction of the universe Measurement of distances in space Galaxies Nebulae Stars Constellations

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THE UNIVERSE

SCIENCE

Theory of Evolution of the Universe

The Theory of Evolution of the Universe refers to the scientific understanding of how the universe has changed and developed over time, particularly in the context of cosmology and astrophysics.

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The Expansion of The Universe

In the 1920s, astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered the universe was not static. Rather, it was expanding; a find that revealed the universe was apparently born in a Big Bang. After that, it was long thought the gravity of matter in the universe was certain to slow the expansion of the universe. Then, in 1998, the Hubble Space Telescope's observations of very distant supernovae revealed that a long time ago, the universe was expanding more slowly than it is today. In other words, the expansion of the universe was not slowing due to gravity, but instead inexplicably was accelerating. The name for the unknown force driving this accelerating expansion is dark energy, and it remains one of the greatest mysteries in science.

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THE UNIVERSE

SCIENCE

The Expansion of The Universe

One of the key pieces of evidence for the expansion of the universe is Hubble's Law, which states that the velocity at which a galaxy is moving away from us is directly proportional to its distance from us. This relationship is typically expressed using the equation v = H0d, where v is the velocity of recession, d is the distance to the galaxy, and H0 is the Hubble constant, which represents the rate of expansion of the universe.

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The Destruction of The Universe

There are a few hypothetical ways the universe could potentially meet its end according to current scientific understanding: Heat Death Big Crunch Big Rip Vacuum Decay Quantum Fluctuations

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4.Vacuum Decay

1.Heat Death

2.Big Crunch

3.Big Rip

5. Quantum Fluctuations

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Measurement of Distances In Space

The units of measurement people use on Earth aren't very useful for gauging distances in outer space. For example, it took Voyager 1, moving at the staggering speed of 62,000 kilometers per hour (38,525 miles per hour), 35 years to leave the solar system, a comparatively tiny part of the universe. To avoid using incomprehensibly large numbers, astronomers have developed measurement units for the solar system and for intergalactic space.

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THE UNIVERSE

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Measurement of Distances In Space

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GALAXIES

• Galaxies consist of stars, planets, and vast clouds of gas and dust, all bound together by gravity.
• Galaxies come in a variety of shapes, mostly spirals and ellipticals, as well as those with less orderly appearances, usually dubbed irregular.
• Most galaxies are between 10 billion and 13.6 billion years old. Some are almost as old as the universe itself, which formed around 13.8 billion years ago.
• Galaxies can organize into groups of about 100 or fewer members held together by their mutual gravity. Larger structures, called clusters, may contain thousands of galaxies. Groups and clusters can be arranged in superclusters, which are not gravitationally bound. Superclusters, empty voids, “walls” of galaxies, and other large-scale structures make up the cosmic web of matter in the universe.

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NEBULAE

• A nebula is an interstellar cloud of 90% hydrogen, 10% helium, & trace amounts of heavier elements.
• Nebulae are the basic building blocks of our universe, and contain the elements from which stars and solar systems are made.
• They are the biggest things in our galaxy. Ranging from a dozen to hundreds light-years across.
• Nebulae exist in the space between the stars—also known as interstellar space. The closest known nebula to Earth is called the Helix Nebula. It is the remnant of a dying star—possibly one like the Sun. It is approximately 700 light-years away from Earth. That means even if you could travel at the speed of light, it would still take you 700 years to get there!

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STARS

• Stars are giant balls of hot gas – mostly hydrogen, with some helium and small amounts of other elements. Every star has its own life cycle, ranging from a few million to trillions of years, and its properties change as it ages.
• Stars form in large clouds of gas and dust called molecular clouds. Molecular clouds range from 1,000 to 10 million times the mass of the Sun and can span as much as hundreds of light-years. Molecular clouds are cold which causes gas to clump, creating high-density pockets.
• Some of these clumps can collide with each other or collect more matter, strengthening their gravitational force as their mass grows. Eventually, gravity causes some of these clumps to collapse. When this happens, friction causes the material to heat up, which eventually leads to the development of a protostar – a baby star. Batches of stars that have recently formed from molecular clouds are often called stellar clusters, and molecular clouds full of stellar clusters are called stellar nurseries.

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TYPES OF STARS

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Constellations

• There are a few different definitions of constellations, but many people think of constellations as a group of stars. Often, it's a group of stars that looks like a particular shape in the sky and has been given a name. These stars are far away from Earth. They are not connected to each other at all.
• Some stars in a constellation might be close while others are very far away. But, if you were to draw lines in the sky between the stars like a dot-to-dot puzzle – and use lots of imagination – the picture would look like an object, animal, or person.
• Over time, cultures around the world have had different names and numbers of constellations depending on what people thought they saw. Today, there are 88 officially recognized constellations.

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SCIENCE

This group of stars is called the "big dipper." If you trace a line between the stars, it looks like a ladle, or dipper, that you'd use to dip soup from a pot. This photo of the big dipper was taken by an astronaut on the International Space Station, but you can often see this group of stars from the ground, too! Credit: NASA/Donald R. Pettit

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