UKSA Space Cluster Microcredentials
Electronics and Eco-design
Module 4-Challenges for Electronics in Space
04
learning objectives
1. Understanding Challenges Experienced in SpaceUncover the effects of the Space environment on electronic circuits. 2. Hardening Electronics for Space ApplicationsInvestigate options for the protection of circuits within Space.
Understanding Challenges...
Space is a harsh environment. Intense radiation, massive temperature fluctuations, the effects of operating in a vacuum.
Even before this, any satellite hardware must first be launched. This will place the equipment under high frequency, high magnitude stress and could cause irreparable damage before getting to the critical part of its mission.
Given these extremes, electronic circuits for space applications must be designed and manufactured with a far higher standard of qualification than standard consumer electronics. Having an appreciation of the environment and requirements is necessary even if designing with COTS devices.
Understanding Challenges...
There are several specific environmental concerns which effect the use of electronic circuits (including Integrated Circuits (IC’s)) in space:
- Shock and Vibration (Launch)
- Outgassing (Orbit)
- Electrostatic Discharge (Orbit)
- Sunlit/Eclipse Temperature Variation (Orbit)
- Metal Whiskers (Orbit)
- Radiation (Orbit)
Each one of these factors has it’s own effect on satellite electronics and must be designed to remove or mitigate against. Design philosophies, technologies and qualification standards used are touched on within this module.
Shock and vibration
NASA’s Lessons Learned (Investigation 787) states that “In the absence of an acoustic noise requirement for spacecraft design and test, critical hardware that would likely survive other mission phases may fail when exposed to the mechanical stresses of launch” and that “acoustic energy during launch can cause vibration of structural components over a broad frequency band, ranging from about 20 Hz to 10,000 Hz and above. Such high frequency vibration can lead to rapid structural fatigue”. In order to mitigate against such failures being incurred there are differing features designers can incorporate into the electronics hardware…
Shock and vibration
Structural Design - The satellite structure itself is designed to be sturdy and rigid, helping to minimize vibrations. Components are often mounted on specially designed vibration-damping structures or isolators to reduce the transmission of vibrations. Shock Absorption and Damping - Shock absorbers and dampers are employed to absorb and dissipate energy generated by vibrations. These devices can be designed to absorb vibrations at specific frequencies to protect sensitive components
Shock and vibration
Mounting Techniques - Secure mounting of components is crucial. Fixtures, brackets, and mounting hardware are designed to withstand the forces exerted during launch. Techniques such as conformal coating or potting are used to protect individual components and their connections.Investigate the following link for a further understanding of using these circuit protection techniques:
protection
Shock and vibration
Testing and Analysis - Satellites undergo extensive testing, including vibration testing, to simulate the conditions of launch. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is often employed to model and predict how the structure and components will respond to vibrations.Redundancy and Reliability - Redundancy is incorporated into critical systems to ensure that even if one component fails, the satellite can continue to operate. Components are selected for their reliability, and rigorous testing is conducted to identify and mitigate potential failure points.
Shock and vibration
Material Selection - Materials with high strength-to-weight ratios and good vibration-damping properties are chosen for the satellite's construction. Materials are also selected based on their ability to withstand the thermal and mechanical stresses during launch. Shock and Vibration Isolation - Isolation systems, such as shock mounts and isolators, are used to physically separate sensitive components from the harshest vibrations. These systems can include springs, dampers, and other isolating materials.
shock and vibration investigation
Packaging - The design of the satellite's internal packaging is crucial. Components need to be securely housed within the satellite to prevent movement and damage. Use the following websites and/or your own resources to investigate launch challenges:
connectors
structures
vibration
outgassing
Outgassing refers to the release of volatile substances, such as gasses and vapours, from materials when they are exposed to the vacuum of space. In satellite electronics, preventing outgassing is crucial because these released substances can condense on sensitive surfaces, like optical elements or thermal radiators, and potentially degrade their performance.
NASA’s Lessons Learned (Investigation 778) states that “Noncompliance with outgassing requirements could result in degraded science data due to excessive contamination of an instrument, or in the complete failure of a space flight mission” and that it also “could result in non-approval of materials for space flight use”.
Outgassing can be minimised using strategies such as the following…
outgassing
Material Selection - Certain materials, such as polymers and adhesives, are known for their low outgassing characteristics and are preferred in satellite construction. Manufacturers often specify materials that comply with space-grade standards. Various manufactures develop products to NASA’s/ASTM E595 standards on Outgassing. Follow these links for further details on standards and products. Use the following websites and/or your own resources to investigate outgassing:
outgassing
test methods
outgassing
Hermetic Sealing - Hermetic seals can be used to encapsulate sensitive components. Hermetic sealing involves creating a completely airtight enclosure, preventing gases from escaping or entering. This is commonly employed in the packaging of sensitive electronics. Vacuum Baking - Prior to launch, satellite components can undergo a vacuum baking process. This involves exposing the components to a vacuum environment and elevated temperatures for an extended period to drive out any volatile substances. This process helps reduce the potential for outgassing in space.
Image: NASA APPEL
outgassing
Conformal Coatings - Conformal coatings (as also used to protect against shock and vibration) create a protective barrier that can prevent the release of gases from the underlying materials. However, it's essential to choose coatings that themselves have low outgassing properties. You may wish to investigate the following links to research further into the topic of outgassing:
reduction
wiki
electrostatic discharge
Protecting satellites from electrostatic discharge (ESD) is crucial to ensure their proper functioning and longevity in space. Electrostatic discharge can occur when a satellite accumulates an electric charge, and it can potentially damage sensitive electronic components.
NASA’s Lessons Learned (Investigation 777) states that “If protective design and verification measures are not taken when necessary, the worst impact that can occur is that the satellite will become completely non-functional. Total losses have occurred on several satellites in Earth geostationary orbits (a very severe space charging environment) ; the failures were attributed to the effects of electrostatic discharge”.
Satellites can be protected from ESD using strategies such as the following…
electrostatic discharge
Conductive Coatings - Applying conductive coatings to the satellite's surfaces helps to dissipate accumulated charges. These coatings provide a path for the charge to flow safely to the space environment. Grounding Straps - Grounding straps or wires can be attached to different parts of the satellite to allow the discharge of accumulated charges into space. These straps are designed to carry away excess electrical charge and prevent potential damage.
electrostatic discharge
Charge Dissipation Surfaces - Designing satellite surfaces with materials that allow easy charge dissipation can help mitigate the risk of ESD. Specialized materials with low surface resistance are often used for this purpose. Avoiding Insulating Materials - Minimizing the use of insulating materials in critical areas can help reduce the likelihood of static charge accumulation. Insulators tend to retain charges, increasing the risk of discharge. Environmental Monitoring - Installing sensors to monitor the satellite's environment can provide real-time data on conditions that may lead to static charge accumulation. This allows for proactive measures to be taken to mitigate potential risks.
temperature variation
Protecting Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites from temperature variations in space is essential for their proper functioning and longevity. LEO satellites experience significant temperature differences as they orbit the Earth, moving between areas exposed to direct sunlight and those in the Earth's shadow. NASA’s Lessons Learned (Investigation 727) states that “Spacecraft and scientific instruments usually contain hardware, including sensitive detectors, which require that temperatures be maintained within specified ranges. A good thermal design is therefore essential to a successful mission”.
Several strategies may be employed to protect hardware from these large temperature swings some examples provided here…
Image: NASA, CC BY 2.0 DEED
temperature variation
Thermal Insulation - Provide the satellite with thermal insulation to minimize the transfer of heat between the satellite's internal components and the external space environment. Insulating materials with low thermal conductivity, such as multi-layered thermal blankets, help maintain a stable internal temperature. Thermal Coatings - Apply specialized coatings to the satellite's surfaces to control the absorption and reflection of sunlight. These coatings can be designed to either absorb or reflect specific wavelengths of solar radiation, helping to regulate the satellite's temperature.
insulation 1
insulation 2
temperature variation
Active Thermal Control Systems - Incorporate active thermal control systems that use heaters and coolers to regulate the temperature of specific components. These systems can be dynamically adjusted based on the satellite's thermal requirements. Sun Shields - Deploy deployable sun shields or shades to protect sensitive components from direct sunlight. These shields can be designed to block sunlight during certain phases of the satellite's orbit, reducing temperature fluctuations. Watch this informative video regarding the composition of the Heat Shield on NASA’s JWST.
sun shield
temperature variation
Materials Selection - Carefully choose materials with appropriate thermal properties for different components of the satellite. Some materials may absorb or radiate heat more efficiently than others, influencing the overall thermal behaviour of the satellite. Temperature Sensors - Incorporate temperature sensors throughout the satellite to monitor temperature variations in real-time. This data can be used to adjust thermal control systems and optimize performance. Use the following websites and/or your own resources to investigate thermal challenges:
Thermal system
thermal control
metal whiskers
Metal whiskers are phenomenon in which thin hair like projections emanate from metal (particularly Tin) and has been noted in, amongst others, environments with a high level of vacuum. As such, Whisker growth in electronic circuits can be of particular concern in the space environment where radiation and extreme conditions can induce the formation of whiskers. These tiny structures can cause short circuits and other issues in electronic systems within satellites.
Use the following links to cover a brief NASA case study into the impact of tin whiskers on the Cassini space craft as well as recommendations for there avoidance. Test your knowledge with the end of module quiz once completed.
tin whiskers 2
tin whiskers 1
Image: ESA, CC BY-SA 2.0 DEED
radiation
There is a moderate level of radiation in low Earth orbit (LEO), primarily due to the presence of charged particles, such as protons and electrons, from the sun and cosmic rays. However, compared to higher altitudes and more distant regions in space, the radiation levels in LEO are relatively lower.
In LEO, satellites and the International Space Station (ISS) operate within the Earth's magnetosphere, which provides some protection against cosmic radiation. The Earth's magnetic field deflects many charged particles away from LEO, reducing the overall radiation exposure compared to open space.
That said, the radiation environment in LEO can still pose challenges for satellite systems, particularly over extended mission durations.
radiation
Solar activity, such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections, can lead to temporary increases in radiation levels in LEO. Engineers and mission planners take these factors into consideration when designing satellites and planning missions to ensure the longevity and reliability of the spacecraft. Satellites in higher orbits, such as geostationary orbit or medium Earth orbit, may experience different radiation environments, and additional protective measures may be necessary to mitigate the effects of space radiation. As such it is important for satellite designers and operators to consider the radiation environment specific to their intended orbits and take appropriate measures to protect the satellite systems from potential radiation-induced issues.
radiation
NASA’s Lessons Learned (Investigation 824) states that “Radiation in space is generated by particles emitted from a variety of sources both within and beyond our solar system. Radiation effects from these particles can not only cause degradation, but can also cause failure of the electronic and electrical systems in space vehicles or satellites”. Electronic hardware can be radiation using strategies such as the following…
radiation
Single Event Effects (SEE) - Single Event Effects, such as single-event upsets (SEUs), single-event latch-ups (SELs), and single-event transients (SETs), are phenomena that can occur due to the impact of a single energetic particle on a semiconductor device. Radiation hardening helps to minimize the likelihood and impact of these events, which could otherwise cause temporary or permanent disruptions in the operation of the IC. Total Ionizing Dose (TID) - Ionizing radiation can accumulate over time, leading to a cumulative dose known as Total Ionizing Dose (TID). TID can degrade the performance of semiconductor devices, leading to changes in electrical characteristics, increased leakage currents, and, ultimately, failure. Radiation-hardened ICs are designed to withstand higher TID levels without significant degradation.
Radiation-Hardened Components: Manufacturers will use radiation-hardened or radiation-tolerant components in the satellite's design. These components are specifically designed and tested to withstand the effects of ionizing radiation at differing levels. Radiation-hardened or tolerant devices are usually tested and specified for one or more effects. These can include: Watch this highly informative video for information on the reasons and requirements for radiation hardening I.C. devices:
radiation +
rad hardening
radiation
In addition to component hardening there are also mitigating steps in the design of the satellite which can be taken. These include:
Shielding - Use radiation shielding materials to minimize the impact of ionizing radiation. Materials such as lead, tungsten, or polyethylene can be effective in absorbing or deflecting radiation. Design for Redundancy - Implement redundant systems to ensure that critical functions can continue even if some components are affected by radiation. Redundancy can help increase the overall reliability of the satellite. Mission Duration Considerations - Factor in the expected mission duration when designing the satellite. Longer missions may require more robust radiation protection measures.
understanding challenges...investigation
You will notice that several references to the NASA Lessons Learned topics have been touched on throughout this module. Feel free to investigate further with the following links: Additionally you might like to use your own resources or some of the following suggested links:
778
824
727
787
777
Investigation 2
Investigation 1
THANK YOU!
Please continue to the next section of the course.
Press back on your browser to exit
The Viking satellite is covered with thermal blankets for insulation [Lennart Noring].
E4 - Challenges for Electronics in Space
Stuart McDowall
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Transcript
UKSA Space Cluster Microcredentials
Electronics and Eco-design
Module 4-Challenges for Electronics in Space
04
learning objectives
1. Understanding Challenges Experienced in SpaceUncover the effects of the Space environment on electronic circuits. 2. Hardening Electronics for Space ApplicationsInvestigate options for the protection of circuits within Space.
Understanding Challenges...
Space is a harsh environment. Intense radiation, massive temperature fluctuations, the effects of operating in a vacuum. Even before this, any satellite hardware must first be launched. This will place the equipment under high frequency, high magnitude stress and could cause irreparable damage before getting to the critical part of its mission. Given these extremes, electronic circuits for space applications must be designed and manufactured with a far higher standard of qualification than standard consumer electronics. Having an appreciation of the environment and requirements is necessary even if designing with COTS devices.
Understanding Challenges...
There are several specific environmental concerns which effect the use of electronic circuits (including Integrated Circuits (IC’s)) in space:
- Shock and Vibration (Launch)
- Outgassing (Orbit)
- Electrostatic Discharge (Orbit)
- Sunlit/Eclipse Temperature Variation (Orbit)
- Metal Whiskers (Orbit)
- Radiation (Orbit)
Each one of these factors has it’s own effect on satellite electronics and must be designed to remove or mitigate against. Design philosophies, technologies and qualification standards used are touched on within this module.Shock and vibration
NASA’s Lessons Learned (Investigation 787) states that “In the absence of an acoustic noise requirement for spacecraft design and test, critical hardware that would likely survive other mission phases may fail when exposed to the mechanical stresses of launch” and that “acoustic energy during launch can cause vibration of structural components over a broad frequency band, ranging from about 20 Hz to 10,000 Hz and above. Such high frequency vibration can lead to rapid structural fatigue”. In order to mitigate against such failures being incurred there are differing features designers can incorporate into the electronics hardware…
Shock and vibration
Structural Design - The satellite structure itself is designed to be sturdy and rigid, helping to minimize vibrations. Components are often mounted on specially designed vibration-damping structures or isolators to reduce the transmission of vibrations. Shock Absorption and Damping - Shock absorbers and dampers are employed to absorb and dissipate energy generated by vibrations. These devices can be designed to absorb vibrations at specific frequencies to protect sensitive components
Shock and vibration
Mounting Techniques - Secure mounting of components is crucial. Fixtures, brackets, and mounting hardware are designed to withstand the forces exerted during launch. Techniques such as conformal coating or potting are used to protect individual components and their connections.Investigate the following link for a further understanding of using these circuit protection techniques:
protection
Shock and vibration
Testing and Analysis - Satellites undergo extensive testing, including vibration testing, to simulate the conditions of launch. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is often employed to model and predict how the structure and components will respond to vibrations.Redundancy and Reliability - Redundancy is incorporated into critical systems to ensure that even if one component fails, the satellite can continue to operate. Components are selected for their reliability, and rigorous testing is conducted to identify and mitigate potential failure points.
Shock and vibration
Material Selection - Materials with high strength-to-weight ratios and good vibration-damping properties are chosen for the satellite's construction. Materials are also selected based on their ability to withstand the thermal and mechanical stresses during launch. Shock and Vibration Isolation - Isolation systems, such as shock mounts and isolators, are used to physically separate sensitive components from the harshest vibrations. These systems can include springs, dampers, and other isolating materials.
shock and vibration investigation
Packaging - The design of the satellite's internal packaging is crucial. Components need to be securely housed within the satellite to prevent movement and damage. Use the following websites and/or your own resources to investigate launch challenges:
connectors
structures
vibration
outgassing
Outgassing refers to the release of volatile substances, such as gasses and vapours, from materials when they are exposed to the vacuum of space. In satellite electronics, preventing outgassing is crucial because these released substances can condense on sensitive surfaces, like optical elements or thermal radiators, and potentially degrade their performance. NASA’s Lessons Learned (Investigation 778) states that “Noncompliance with outgassing requirements could result in degraded science data due to excessive contamination of an instrument, or in the complete failure of a space flight mission” and that it also “could result in non-approval of materials for space flight use”. Outgassing can be minimised using strategies such as the following…
outgassing
Material Selection - Certain materials, such as polymers and adhesives, are known for their low outgassing characteristics and are preferred in satellite construction. Manufacturers often specify materials that comply with space-grade standards. Various manufactures develop products to NASA’s/ASTM E595 standards on Outgassing. Follow these links for further details on standards and products. Use the following websites and/or your own resources to investigate outgassing:
outgassing
test methods
outgassing
Hermetic Sealing - Hermetic seals can be used to encapsulate sensitive components. Hermetic sealing involves creating a completely airtight enclosure, preventing gases from escaping or entering. This is commonly employed in the packaging of sensitive electronics. Vacuum Baking - Prior to launch, satellite components can undergo a vacuum baking process. This involves exposing the components to a vacuum environment and elevated temperatures for an extended period to drive out any volatile substances. This process helps reduce the potential for outgassing in space.
Image: NASA APPEL
outgassing
Conformal Coatings - Conformal coatings (as also used to protect against shock and vibration) create a protective barrier that can prevent the release of gases from the underlying materials. However, it's essential to choose coatings that themselves have low outgassing properties. You may wish to investigate the following links to research further into the topic of outgassing:
reduction
wiki
electrostatic discharge
Protecting satellites from electrostatic discharge (ESD) is crucial to ensure their proper functioning and longevity in space. Electrostatic discharge can occur when a satellite accumulates an electric charge, and it can potentially damage sensitive electronic components. NASA’s Lessons Learned (Investigation 777) states that “If protective design and verification measures are not taken when necessary, the worst impact that can occur is that the satellite will become completely non-functional. Total losses have occurred on several satellites in Earth geostationary orbits (a very severe space charging environment) ; the failures were attributed to the effects of electrostatic discharge”. Satellites can be protected from ESD using strategies such as the following…
electrostatic discharge
Conductive Coatings - Applying conductive coatings to the satellite's surfaces helps to dissipate accumulated charges. These coatings provide a path for the charge to flow safely to the space environment. Grounding Straps - Grounding straps or wires can be attached to different parts of the satellite to allow the discharge of accumulated charges into space. These straps are designed to carry away excess electrical charge and prevent potential damage.
electrostatic discharge
Charge Dissipation Surfaces - Designing satellite surfaces with materials that allow easy charge dissipation can help mitigate the risk of ESD. Specialized materials with low surface resistance are often used for this purpose. Avoiding Insulating Materials - Minimizing the use of insulating materials in critical areas can help reduce the likelihood of static charge accumulation. Insulators tend to retain charges, increasing the risk of discharge. Environmental Monitoring - Installing sensors to monitor the satellite's environment can provide real-time data on conditions that may lead to static charge accumulation. This allows for proactive measures to be taken to mitigate potential risks.
temperature variation
Protecting Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites from temperature variations in space is essential for their proper functioning and longevity. LEO satellites experience significant temperature differences as they orbit the Earth, moving between areas exposed to direct sunlight and those in the Earth's shadow. NASA’s Lessons Learned (Investigation 727) states that “Spacecraft and scientific instruments usually contain hardware, including sensitive detectors, which require that temperatures be maintained within specified ranges. A good thermal design is therefore essential to a successful mission”. Several strategies may be employed to protect hardware from these large temperature swings some examples provided here…
Image: NASA, CC BY 2.0 DEED
temperature variation
Thermal Insulation - Provide the satellite with thermal insulation to minimize the transfer of heat between the satellite's internal components and the external space environment. Insulating materials with low thermal conductivity, such as multi-layered thermal blankets, help maintain a stable internal temperature. Thermal Coatings - Apply specialized coatings to the satellite's surfaces to control the absorption and reflection of sunlight. These coatings can be designed to either absorb or reflect specific wavelengths of solar radiation, helping to regulate the satellite's temperature.
insulation 1
insulation 2
temperature variation
Active Thermal Control Systems - Incorporate active thermal control systems that use heaters and coolers to regulate the temperature of specific components. These systems can be dynamically adjusted based on the satellite's thermal requirements. Sun Shields - Deploy deployable sun shields or shades to protect sensitive components from direct sunlight. These shields can be designed to block sunlight during certain phases of the satellite's orbit, reducing temperature fluctuations. Watch this informative video regarding the composition of the Heat Shield on NASA’s JWST.
sun shield
temperature variation
Materials Selection - Carefully choose materials with appropriate thermal properties for different components of the satellite. Some materials may absorb or radiate heat more efficiently than others, influencing the overall thermal behaviour of the satellite. Temperature Sensors - Incorporate temperature sensors throughout the satellite to monitor temperature variations in real-time. This data can be used to adjust thermal control systems and optimize performance. Use the following websites and/or your own resources to investigate thermal challenges:
Thermal system
thermal control
metal whiskers
Metal whiskers are phenomenon in which thin hair like projections emanate from metal (particularly Tin) and has been noted in, amongst others, environments with a high level of vacuum. As such, Whisker growth in electronic circuits can be of particular concern in the space environment where radiation and extreme conditions can induce the formation of whiskers. These tiny structures can cause short circuits and other issues in electronic systems within satellites. Use the following links to cover a brief NASA case study into the impact of tin whiskers on the Cassini space craft as well as recommendations for there avoidance. Test your knowledge with the end of module quiz once completed.
tin whiskers 2
tin whiskers 1
Image: ESA, CC BY-SA 2.0 DEED
radiation
There is a moderate level of radiation in low Earth orbit (LEO), primarily due to the presence of charged particles, such as protons and electrons, from the sun and cosmic rays. However, compared to higher altitudes and more distant regions in space, the radiation levels in LEO are relatively lower. In LEO, satellites and the International Space Station (ISS) operate within the Earth's magnetosphere, which provides some protection against cosmic radiation. The Earth's magnetic field deflects many charged particles away from LEO, reducing the overall radiation exposure compared to open space. That said, the radiation environment in LEO can still pose challenges for satellite systems, particularly over extended mission durations.
radiation
Solar activity, such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections, can lead to temporary increases in radiation levels in LEO. Engineers and mission planners take these factors into consideration when designing satellites and planning missions to ensure the longevity and reliability of the spacecraft. Satellites in higher orbits, such as geostationary orbit or medium Earth orbit, may experience different radiation environments, and additional protective measures may be necessary to mitigate the effects of space radiation. As such it is important for satellite designers and operators to consider the radiation environment specific to their intended orbits and take appropriate measures to protect the satellite systems from potential radiation-induced issues.
radiation
NASA’s Lessons Learned (Investigation 824) states that “Radiation in space is generated by particles emitted from a variety of sources both within and beyond our solar system. Radiation effects from these particles can not only cause degradation, but can also cause failure of the electronic and electrical systems in space vehicles or satellites”. Electronic hardware can be radiation using strategies such as the following…
radiation
Single Event Effects (SEE) - Single Event Effects, such as single-event upsets (SEUs), single-event latch-ups (SELs), and single-event transients (SETs), are phenomena that can occur due to the impact of a single energetic particle on a semiconductor device. Radiation hardening helps to minimize the likelihood and impact of these events, which could otherwise cause temporary or permanent disruptions in the operation of the IC. Total Ionizing Dose (TID) - Ionizing radiation can accumulate over time, leading to a cumulative dose known as Total Ionizing Dose (TID). TID can degrade the performance of semiconductor devices, leading to changes in electrical characteristics, increased leakage currents, and, ultimately, failure. Radiation-hardened ICs are designed to withstand higher TID levels without significant degradation.
Radiation-Hardened Components: Manufacturers will use radiation-hardened or radiation-tolerant components in the satellite's design. These components are specifically designed and tested to withstand the effects of ionizing radiation at differing levels. Radiation-hardened or tolerant devices are usually tested and specified for one or more effects. These can include: Watch this highly informative video for information on the reasons and requirements for radiation hardening I.C. devices:
radiation +
rad hardening
radiation
In addition to component hardening there are also mitigating steps in the design of the satellite which can be taken. These include: Shielding - Use radiation shielding materials to minimize the impact of ionizing radiation. Materials such as lead, tungsten, or polyethylene can be effective in absorbing or deflecting radiation. Design for Redundancy - Implement redundant systems to ensure that critical functions can continue even if some components are affected by radiation. Redundancy can help increase the overall reliability of the satellite. Mission Duration Considerations - Factor in the expected mission duration when designing the satellite. Longer missions may require more robust radiation protection measures.
understanding challenges...investigation
You will notice that several references to the NASA Lessons Learned topics have been touched on throughout this module. Feel free to investigate further with the following links: Additionally you might like to use your own resources or some of the following suggested links:
778
824
727
787
777
Investigation 2
Investigation 1
THANK YOU!
Please continue to the next section of the course.
Press back on your browser to exit
The Viking satellite is covered with thermal blankets for insulation [Lennart Noring].