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English in Context - How China Came to Dominate the World in Solar Eng
Philip Oechsli
Created on March 11, 2024
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Transcript
How China Came to Dominate the World in Solar Energy
Reading - Speaking - Vocabulary
English in Context
Content Summary
China is rapidly advancing its solar energy industry for global dominance, as Premier Li Qiang announces accelerated projects to counter economic challenges. This has prompted concerns and responses from the United States and Europe about potential competition and impacts on their solar industries.
This lesson divides an article into sections and provides helpful vocabulary tips along with discussion questions. Click on the bold text to discover more about the word and how to use it in English.
Before Reading
Respond to these questions pertaining to the theme of the article.
- Do you believe it's essential for countries to become less dependent on energy imports? Why or why not?
- In your opinion, why might China be emphasizing the development of solar panels, electric cars, and lithium batteries as a "new trio" of industries?
- What role can government subsidies play in the growth of a country's solar industry, and how might they impact global competition?
China unleashed the full might of its solar energy industry last year. It installed more solar panels than the United States has in its history. It cut the wholesale price of panels it sells by nearly half. And its exports of fully assembled solar panels climbed 38 percent while its exports of key components almost doubled. Get ready for an even bigger display of China’s solar energy dominance. While the United States and Europe are trying to revive renewable energy production and help companies fend off bankruptcy, China is racing far ahead. At the annual session of China’s legislature this week, Premier Li Qiang, the country’s second-highest official after Xi Jinping, announced that the country would accelerate the construction of solar panel farms as well as wind and hydroelectric projects.
With China’s economy stumbling, the ramped-up spending on renewable energy, mainly solar, is a cornerstone of a big bet on emerging technologies. China’s leaders say that a “new trio” of industries — solar panels, electric cars and lithium batteries — has replaced an “old trio” of clothing, furniture and appliances. The goal is to help offset a steep slump in China’s housing construction sector. China hopes to harness emerging industries like solar power, which Mr. Xi likes to describe as “new productive forces,” to re-energize an economy that has slowed for more than a decade. The emphasis on solar power is the latest installment in a two-decade program to make China less dependent on energy imports. China’s solar exports have already drawn urgent responses. In the United States, the Biden administration has introduced subsidies that cover much of the cost of making solar panels and part of the much higher cost of installing them.
The alarm in Europe is particularly great. Officials are bitter that a dozen years ago, China subsidized its factories to make solar panels while European governments offered subsidies to buy panels made anywhere. That led to an explosion of consumer purchases from China that hurt Europe’s solar industry. A wave of bankruptcies swept the European industry, leaving the continent largely dependent on Chinese products. “We have not forgotten how China’s unfair trade practices affected our solar industry — many young businesses were pushed out by heavily subsidized Chinese competitors,” Ursula von der Leyen, president of the European Commission, said in her State of the Union address last September.
The remnants of Europe’s solar industry are now fading away. Norwegian Crystals, an important European producer of raw materials for solar panels, filed for bankruptcy last summer. Meyer Burger, a Swiss company, announced on Feb. 23 that it would halt production in the first half of March at its factory in Freiberg, Germany, and would try to raise money to complete factories in Colorado and Arizona. The company’s U.S. projects could tap renewable energy manufacturing subsidies provided by President Biden’s Inflation Reduction Act. China’s cost advantage is formidable. A research unit of the European Commission calculated in a report in January that Chinese companies could make solar panels for 16 to 18.9 cents per watt of generating capacity. By contrast, it cost European companies 24.3 to 30 cents per watt, and American companies about 28 cents.
The difference partly reflects lower wages in China. Chinese cities have also provided land for solar panel factories at a fraction of market prices. State-owned banks have lent heavily at low interest rates even though solar companies have lost money and some went bankrupt. And Chinese companies have figured out how to build and equip factories inexpensively. Low electricity prices in China make a big difference. Manufacturing the main raw material for solar panels, polysilicon, requires huge amounts of energy. Solar panels typically must generate electricity for at least seven months to recoup the electricity that was needed to make them.
Coal provides two-thirds of China’s electricity at low cost. But Chinese companies are reducing costs further by installing solar farms in the deserts of western China, where public land is essentially free. Companies then use the electricity from those farms to make more polysilicon. By contrast, Europe has costly electricity, particularly after it stopped buying natural gas from Russia during the Ukraine war. Land used in Europe for solar farms is expensive. In the Southwestern United States, environmental concerns have slowed the installation of solar farms, while zoning issues have blocked permits for the transmission of renewable energy. China’s coal consumption has made it the world’s largest annual contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. But the country’s pioneering role in making solar panels less expensive has slowed the increase in emissions.
“If the Chinese manufacturers had not brought down the cost of panels by more than 95 percent, we could not see so many installations across the world,” said Kevin Tu, a Beijing energy expert and nonresident fellow with the Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University. Annual solar panel installations have nearly quadrupled worldwide since 2018. Some of the new solar farms generating electricity for polysilicon production are in two provinces in southwestern China, Qinghai and Yunnan. But much of the polysilicon is made in the Xinjiang region of northwestern China. The United States bans imports made with materials or components manufactured by forced labor in Xinjiang, where China has repressed predominantly Muslim minorities like the Uyghurs.
That has led the United States to block some shipments of solar panels from China, while the European Union has been considering similar action. Chinese companies increasingly do the initial, high-value stages of solar panel manufacturing in China, and then ship the components to overseas factories for final assembly. This allows the shipments to avoid trade barriers, like tariffs imposed on many Chinese imports by President Donald J. Trump. Several of China’s biggest solar panel manufacturers are building final assembly plants in the United States to tap subsidies offered as part of the Inflation Reduction Act. The law includes extensive subsidies to revive the American solar panel industry, which almost completely collapsed a decade ago in the face of low-cost imports from China. But building an industry that can stand on its own will be difficult.
In 2010, Applied Materials, a Silicon Valley company, built two extensive labs in Xi’an, the city in western China famous for terra-cotta warriors. Each lab was the size of two football fields. They were intended to do final testing for assembly lines with robots that could churn out solar panels with practically no human labor. But within several years, Chinese companies had figured out how to do it themselves. Applied Materials considerably cut back its production of solar panel tooling and focused on making similar equipment that makes semiconductors. Today anyone who tries to make solar panels outside China faces potential delays in installing or fixing equipment. While Europe is mulling whether to follow the United States’ example with its own subsidies and import restrictions on solar products, Mr. Haugwitz said, “It will remain a challenge for Europeans to compete.”
Where Does Navalny’s Death Leave Russia and Putin?
The reported death of Aleksei A. Navalny ushers in a new turning point for President Vladimir V. Putin’s Russia, underscoring both the Kremlin’s power and the potential for instability that continues to threaten it.
Vocabulary Check: Sentence Matching
usher in underscore turning point
Move the correct term to the row of corresponding sentences.
turning point
underscore
usher in
Answers
The announcement came just a month before Russia’s rubber-stamp presidential elections, when the Kremlin will look to portray Russians as united behind Mr. Putin and his bid for a fifth term. Analysts expect the Kremlin to try to couple his surefire electoral victory with fresh gains on the front in Ukraine, where Russian forces have been taking the initiative against a Ukrainian Army struggling to maintain its Western support. As the third year of the war nears, Mr. Putin’s control of domestic politics appears nearly total, with his most prominent surviving opponents either in jail or in exile. Street protests are immediately snuffed out, and thousands of Russians have been prosecuted for criticizing the war.
Vocabulary Check: Sentence Matching
portray surefire rubber-stamp bid snuff out prominent
Move the correct term to the row of corresponding sentences.
bid
portray
prominent
rubber-stamp
snuff out
surefire
Answers
Offering high salaries to military recruits, the Kremlin has managed to wage its invasion without resorting to a second military draft, meaning that most Russians have been able to go on with their daily lives. The West’s far-reaching sanctions have not crippled Russia’s economy. But to some analysts, the reports of Mr. Navalny’s death — which his aides said they feared were most likely true — are a reminder that Mr. Putin’s power may be more tenuous than meets the eye. “Navalny tended to sense the vulnerable points, rather than creating them,” a Moscow political analyst, Mikhail Vinogradov, said in a phone interview on Friday, suggesting Mr. Putin had liabilities, like corruption, that provided an opening for an opportunistic opponent. Mr. Vinogradov described the day’s news as the most shocking death of a Russian politician in the country’s post-Soviet history.
vulnerable liability tenuous cripple far-reaching wage resort
Vocabulary Check: Sentence Matching
Move the correct term to the row of corresponding sentences.
cripple
far-reaching
liability
resort
tenuous
vulnerable
wage
Answers
The circumstances remain murky. But citing the widespread view that the Kremlin was essentially responsible for Mr. Navalny’s death — which President Biden also asserted in comments Friday afternoon — Mr. Vinogradov added that the news could further unsettle Russia’s governing class. It could remind them, he said, of the extraordinary lengths the government will go to to silence dissent. Such repression, he said, “is always a bit of an experiment.” Simmering unease with Mr. Putin’s war and his crackdown on the opposition has been visible repeatedly in recent months, even as polls continue to show widespread support for — or at least acceptance of — the Ukraine invasion. There was the surprise popularity of a little-known antiwar candidate for the coming presidential election, and the movement of the wives of mobilized soldiers demanding their husbands’ return.
Vocabulary Check: Sentence Matching
little-known crackdown repression unsettle widespread murky
Move the correct term to the row of corresponding sentences.
crackdown
little-known
murky
repression
unsettle
widespread
Answers
poll unease dissent assert cite
Vocabulary Check: Sentence Matching
Move the correct term to the row of corresponding sentences.
assert
cite
dissent
poll
unease
Answers
Before that, there was the stunning, 24-hour uprising last summer led by Yevgeny V. Prigozhin, a threat that Mr. Putin apparently addressed, American intelligence agencies assess, by downing the mercenary chief’s plane last August. That episode highlighted the potential for bubbling opposition to Mr. Putin to spin out of control at a moment’s notice, and the pent-up demand by some of the Russian public for a charismatic leader who might represent an alternative. One key question now is whether the Kremlin follows Mr. Navalny’s death with a new round of repression and censorship. Even in death, the political analyst Tatiana Stanovaya said on Friday, Mr. Navalny poses a problem for the Kremlin. “A lot will depend on whether the regime overreacts, which may become an issue in and of itself,” Ms. Stanovaya wrote. “They will have to deal with Navalny’s legacy.”
Vocabulary Check: Sentence Matching
stunning bubbling legacy assess
Move the correct term to the row of corresponding sentences.
assess
bubbling
legacy
stunning
Answers
Vocabulary Check: Sentence Matching
pent-up overreact highlight uprising
Move the correct term to the row of corresponding sentences.
highlight
overreact
pent-up
uprising
Answers
The power of that legacy was already on display within hours of Mr. Navalny’s reported death, as Russians gathered for impromptu vigils in cities around the world and social media filled with reports of people inside Russia laying flowers in his memory. In front of the Russian Embassy in Berlin, a former Kremlin consultant turned opposition figure, Marat Guelman, said he believed that Mr. Navalny’s death had the potential to re-energize Russia’s beleaguered and disparate opposition groups. “I hope,” he said, “that in Russia, one hero will be replaced by 100 heroes.”
Vocabulary Check: Sentence Matching
former vigil impromptu on display disparate beleaguered
Move the correct term to the row of corresponding sentences.
beleaguered
disparate
former
impromptu
on display
vigil
Answers
After Reading
Respond to these questions pertaining to the article.
- Despite his imprisonment, how did Navalny manage to remain a significant political figure?
- How do the media portray political opposition in different parts of the world?
- The potential for a "charismatic leader" to emerge in Russia is discussed. What qualities do you think such a leader would need to be successful? What challenges would they face?
- The article concludes with the hope that "one hero will be replaced by 100 heroes." Do you think this is a realistic possibility? What are the potential benefits and drawbacks of a decentralized opposition movement?
Glossary
- far-reaching (extensive, wide-ranging)
- impromptu (unplanned, spontaneous)
- little-known (obscure, unknown)
- murky (unclear, ambiguous)
- pent-up (suppressed, unexpressed)
- stunning (shocking, surprising)
- surefire (certain, guaranteed)
- on display (openly shown, in public view)
- beleaguered (besieged, troubled)
- bid (noun) (candidacy, attempt)
- dissent (disagreement, disapproval)
- disparate (scattered, diverse)
- former (previous, past)
- legacy (inheritance, lasting influence)
- liability (disadvantage, burden)
- poll (survey, public opinion sampling)
- prominent (notable, well-known)
- protest (demonstration, objection)
- rubber-stamp (approve uncritically, ratify without debate)
- tenuous (fragile, uncertain)
- turning point (decisive moment, transition)
- unease (anxiety, disquiet)
- uprising (rebellion, insurrection)
- vigil (observance, commemoration)
- vulnerable (susceptible, exposed)
- widespread (extensive, prevalent)
- assert (claim, declare)
- assess (evaluate, appraise)
- cite (mention, quote)
- crackdown (suppress, stifle)
- cripple (disable, hamper)
- highlight (emphasize, underscore)
- overreact (exaggerate, respond excessively)
- portray (depict, represent)
- resort (to) (use as a last resort, turn to)
- snuff out (extinguish, eliminate)
- unsettle (disturb, disquiet)
- usher in (introduce, inaugurate)
- wage (war) (fight, conduct)
rubber-stamp
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "rubber-stamp" as an adjective to highlight instances where decisions or processes lack meaningful scrutiny and independent judgment.
Describing a process, decision, or approval that is hastily given without thorough consideration or analysis, often implying a lack of independent judgment.
Words Often Used With the Term:
Sample Sentences:
The rubber-stamp approval process raised concerns about the absence of critical evaluation and oversight. In authoritarian regimes, rubber-stamp legislative bodies may simply endorse the ruling party's directives without genuine scrutiny.
Rubber-stamp decision, rubber-stamp approval, avoid rubber-stamping.
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
hastily approved, uncritically endorsed, lacking scrutiny.
What are the potential negative impacts of"rubber-stamp" decision-making?
tenuous
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "tenuous" to characterize situations or conditions that are fragile, delicate, or easily compromised.
Thin, weak, or lacking stability, often used to describe a connection, relationship, or position that is fragile or easily disrupted.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
Reports of Mr. Navalny's death are a reminder that Mr. Putin's power may be more tenuous than meets the eye. In times of political uncertainty, alliances between nations can become tenuous, with shifting priorities and interests.
Tenuous relationship, tenuous position, tenuous connection.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Share instances where diplomatic relations between countries became tenuous due to political disagreements.
Fragile, delicate, precarious.
bankruptcy
noun
Usage Tips
Definition:
- Formal situations, particularly in legal and financial discussions.
- Commonly used in professional and business contexts.
A legal status of an individual, business, or organization unable to repay their outstanding debts, leading to a structured process for the distribution of assets to creditors.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
The company faced financial challenges and had to declare bankruptcy. Individuals can file for bankruptcy to seek financial relief and a fresh start.
declare bankruptcy, file for bankruptcy, face bankruptcy
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
How can businesses avoid the risk of bankruptcy in challenging economic times?
insolvency, debt restructuring, financial distress
uprising
noun
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "uprising" to describe acts of resistance or rebellion, often involving a large group of people.
A spontaneous or organized act of resistance, rebellion, or defiance, typically against a government or authority.
Words Often Used With the Term:
Sample Sentences:
The 24-hour uprising led by Yevgeny V. Prigozhin last summer marked a significant turning point in the political landscape. Uprisings throughout history have played a crucial role in challenging oppressive regimes and advocating for change.
Spontaneous uprising, organized uprising, political uprising.
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
Rebellion, revolt, insurrection.
Reflect on historical uprisings and their impact on societal and political structures. How can uprisings shape the course of a nation?
fend off
verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
- Suitable for both formal and informal discussions.
- Commonly used in discussions related to protection, defense, and resilience.
To defend against or repel a threat, danger, or challenge.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
The immune system helps fend off infections and illnesses. We need to fend off negative influences and stay focused on our goals.
fend off threats, fend off challenges, fend off negativity
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
How do individuals and communities fend off stress in their daily lives?
defend, repel, resist
bubbling
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "bubbling" to describe a gradual increase or intensification of something over time.
Characterized by a gradual buildup or increase, often referring to emotions, tensions, or movements becoming more pronounced.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
The article suggests the potential for bubbling opposition to Mr. Putin that can spin out of control. In times of political uncertainty, there may be bubbling discontent among the public.
Bubbling discontent, bubbling tensions, bubbling emotions.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
How can leaders address bubbling tensions in society before they escalate into more significant issues, and what factors contribute to their gradual buildup?
Gradual increase, intensification, buildup.
bid
noun
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "bid" when referring to a formal attempt to secure a contract, position, or achievement.
An attempt or effort to achieve or obtain something, often used in the context of a formal proposal or request.
Words Often Used With the Term:
Sample Sentences:
The company submitted a competitive bid for the construction project. The athlete's bid for a gold medal in the upcoming competition garnered widespread support.
Submit a bid, successful bid, competitive bidding.
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
proposal, attempt, endeavor.
In what situations might individuals, organizations, or countries make strategic bids, and what factors contribute to the success or failure of these bids?
underscore
VERB
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "underscore" when you want to emphasize a key point or bring attention to a critical aspect of a discussion.
To emphasize or highlight the significance of a point, idea, or concept, typically to draw attention to its importance.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
The speaker used compelling examples to underscore the importance of environmental conservation. The data presented in the report serves to underscore the need for immediate action on climate change.
Underscore the importance, underscore the significance, effectively underscore.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Share an event or situation that underscores a larger problem in your country.
emphasize, highlight, accentuate.
stumble
verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
- Both formal and informal situations.
- Suitable for discussing challenges and setbacks.
To trip or lose one's balance momentarily, metaphorically referring to a temporary setback or obstacle in progress.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
China's economy stumbled due to various challenges in recent years. The project faced a stumble, but we quickly recovered and moved forward.
stumble in progress, stumble in plans, overcome a stumble
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Can you think of a personal or professional situation where you experienced a stumble, and how did you overcome it?
setback, obstacle, temporary setback
poll
noun
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "poll" to describe a method of collecting data or opinions from a sample group to represent a larger population.
A survey or questionnaire conducted to gather opinions, attitudes, or information from a specific group of people.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
Simmering unease with Mr. Putin's war and his crackdown on the opposition has been visible, even as polls continue to show widespread support for the Ukraine invasion. Political candidates often rely on polls to gauge public sentiment and adjust their campaign strategies.
Conduct a poll, analyze poll results, poll participants.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
To what extent do polls influence elections?
Survey, questionnaire, public opinion.
portray
verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "portray" when discussing the representation or depiction of people, events, or concepts in various forms of communication.
To represent or depict someone or something in a particular way, often through words, images, or actions.
Words Often Used With the Term:
Sample Sentences:
The media's portrayal of the event shaped public perception and influenced the narrative. Artists have the power to portray complex emotions through their work, transcending language barriers.
Portrayal in the media, accurately portray, artistically portray.
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
depict, represent, illustrate.
How can the portrayal of individuals or events in the media impact public opinion, and what responsibility do media outlets have in presenting information accurately?
crackdown
noun
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "crackdown" to describe a forceful and sudden set of measures taken by authorities to suppress or control specific activities.
A series of severe and sudden measures or actions taken by authorities to suppress or control a particular activity or group.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
Simmering unease with Mr. Putin's war and his crackdown on the opposition has been visible in recent months. Governments may implement a crackdown to quell protests or demonstrations.
Crackdown on dissent, government crackdown, initiate a crackdown.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Reflect on historical examples where crackdowns on specific activities or groups significantly altered the political landscape.
Suppression, control, limitation.
usher in
VERB
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "usher in" when describing the introduction or initiation of something novel or transformative.
To bring about or initiate a new era, concept, or event, often with a sense of introducing something noteworthy or significant.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
The technological advancements in recent years have ushered in a new era of connectivity and innovation. His groundbreaking research ushered in a paradigm shift in the field of medicine.
Usher in change, usher in innovation, usher in a new era.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Can you identify a situation where the act of ushering in change or innovation was essential?
initiate, introduce, inaugurate.
pent-up
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "pent-up" to describe emotions or desires that have been held back or restrained over time.
Held back, restrained, or accumulated over a period, often referring to emotions, desires, or frustrations.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
The pent-up demand for a charismatic leader reflects the longing for an alternative to the existing political landscape. A release of pent-up energy can lead to transformative social movements.
Pent-up energy, pent-up frustrations, pent-up demand.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
How can addressing pent-up frustrations or desires contribute to positive change in personal or societal contexts, and what challenges may arise when these emotions are ignored?
Accumulated, restrained, withheld.
vigil
noun
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "vigil" to describe a period of intentional watchfulness, often associated with emotional or commemorative events.
A period of watchful attention, often during the night, for a specific purpose such as reflection, mourning, or demonstration of solidarity.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
Russians gathered for impromptu vigils around the world following the reported death of Mr. Navalny. Social media was filled with reports of people inside Russia participating in vigils, laying flowers in memory of Mr. Navalny.
Hold a vigil, join a vigil, attend a vigil.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Can you think of the most recent vigil you've seen? What was it for?
Observance, commemoration, reflection.
prominent
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "prominent" when describing something or someone that is easily visible, well-known, or influential.
Easily noticeable or widely recognized, often used to describe individuals, ideas, or features that stand out or command attention.
Words Often Used With the Term:
Sample Sentences:
The artist gained prominent recognition for her unique style and innovative approach. In the political landscape, prominent figures often shape public discourse and policy decisions.
Prominent figure, prominent role, gain prominence.
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
Noteworthy, influential, conspicuous.
Think about the people in your community. Who are the most prominent figures, and how do they contribute to shaping the local culture or identity?
liability
noun
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "liability" to refer to factors or elements that present a risk, hindrance, or potential disadvantage.
A disadvantage or drawback; something that poses a risk, hindrance, or burden.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
Mikhail Vinogradov suggested that Mr. Putin's liabilities, like corruption, provided an opening for an opportunistic opponent. In business, identifying potential liabilities is crucial for risk management and decision-making.
Financial liabilities, legal liabilities, strategic liabilities.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Explore the liabilities associated with technological advancements, such as data privacy concerns and cybersecurity risks.
Disadvantage, hindrance, risk.
cripple
verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "cripple" to describe the severe impairment or damage to the normal functioning of a system, organization, or entity.
To severely damage or impair the normal functioning or effectiveness of something, often used in the context of economies, systems, or organizations.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
The West's far-reaching sanctions have not crippled Russia's economy, but they have imposed significant challenges. Natural disasters can cripple infrastructure and disrupt the daily lives of affected communities.
Cripple the economy, cripple infrastructure, cripple a system.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Share personal experiences where unexpected events threatened to cripple your plans, and how you overcame these challenges.
Impair, damage, undermine.
revive
verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
- Can be used in both formal and informal situations.
- Appropriate for personal and professional discussions.
To bring back to life, restore, or renew interest, energy, or activity.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
The community worked together to revive a neglected park. Let's revive our commitment to sustainability in the workplace.
revive interest, revive a tradition, revive a project
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
renew, restore, rejuvenate
Can you share a personal experience where efforts were made to revive a tradition or interest?
dissent
noun
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "dissent" to describe the expression of opinions or disagreement with prevailing views.
The expression or holding of opinions, especially those that differ from prevailing or official views; disagreement or opposition.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
The news could remind Russia's governing class of the extraordinary lengths the government will go to silence dissent. In a democratic society, dissent is often seen as a healthy part of public discourse.
Silence dissent, express dissent, political dissent.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
How has dissent evolved with the rise of online platforms, and what role do social media and digital activism play in expressing dissenting views?
Disagreement, opposition, disagreement.
assess
verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "assess" to indicate the process of evaluating or analyzing information for a specific purpose.
To evaluate or analyze a situation, event, or information to gain a better understanding or make informed judgments.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
American intelligence agencies assessed that Mr. Putin addressed the threat by downing the mercenary chief's plane. The ongoing situation requires careful assessment to determine the potential outcomes.
Assess the situation, assess the risks, assess the impact.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
How important is the role of assessment in decision-making, and what challenges can arise when accurate assessment is not prioritized?
Evaluate, analyze, examine.
wholesale
adjective / noun
Usage Tips
Definition:
- Used in formal situations, especially in business and commerce.
- Commonly used in professional and trade contexts.
Relating to the sale of goods in large quantities at lower prices, or the act of selling goods in this manner.
Words Often Used With the Term:
Sample Sentences:
It cut the wholesale price of panels it sells by nearly half. The company decided to switch to a wholesale distribution model to reach a broader market.
wholesale prices, wholesale market, wholesale distribution
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
bulk, quantity, entire
Can you think of advantages and disadvantages for businesses that choose to sell products at wholesale prices?
ramp up
phrasal verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
- Both formal and informal situations.
- Frequently used in business and project discussions.
To trip or lose one's balance momentarily, metaphorically referring to a temporary setback or obstacle in progress.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
China ramped up spending on renewable energy to boost its economy. Let's ramp up our efforts to meet the project deadlines.
ramp up production, ramp up efforts, ramp up activity
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
How can companies effectively ramp up their production without compromising quality?
increase, intensify, boost
prominent
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "prominent" when describing something or someone that is easily visible, well-known, or influential.
Easily noticeable or widely recognized, often used to describe individuals, ideas, or features that stand out or command attention.
Words Often Used With the Term:
Sample Sentences:
The artist gained prominent recognition for her unique style and innovative approach. In the political landscape, prominent figures often shape public discourse and policy decisions.
Prominent figure, prominent role, gain prominence.
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
Noteworthy, influential, conspicuous.
Think about the people in your community. Who are the most prominent figures, and how do they contribute to shaping the local culture or identity?
slump
noun / verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
- Formal and informal situations.
- Commonly used in economic and performance-related discussions.
As a noun: A sudden and significant decline or decrease in value, activity, or performance. As a verb: To undergo a sudden and significant decline.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
The market experienced a slump in sales during the economic downturn. The team worked hard to recover from a slump in productivity.
Market slump, economic slump, slump in performance
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
What strategies can businesses adopt to navigate through a market slump?
Decline, decrease, recovery
subsidy
noun
Usage Tips
Definition:
- Formal situations, especially in economic and policy discussions.
- Frequently used in business and government contexts.
Financial assistance or support provided by a government or organization to help a particular industry, business, or group.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
China's subsidies to its solar industry impacted global competition. European governments offered subsidies to stimulate the solar panel market.
Government subsidy, financial assistance, economic support
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
In what ways do subsidies influence industries, and can they have both positive and negative effects?
Financial aid, grant, support
bitter
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
- Both formal and informal situations.
- Suitable for expressing negative emotions and resentment.
Having strong negative feelings, resentment, or anger due to a past unpleasant experience or situation.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
European officials are bitter about China's past trade practices in the solar industry. The bitter memories of unfair competition still linger in the European solar market.
Bitter experience, bitter memories, bitter feelings
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Can you think of a situation in your life where bitterness affected your decision-making? What did you learn from it?
Resentful, angry, unpleasant
resort to
verb phrase
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "resort to" when describing the adoption of a particular course of action, especially when other options are limited or ineffective.
To turn to or adopt a particular course of action, often as a last or necessary option.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
The Kremlin has managed to wage its invasion without resorting to a second military draft, opting for alternative strategies. When faced with economic challenges, governments may resort to austerity measures to stabilize finances.
Resort to measures, resort to alternatives, resort to diplomacy.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
What are the factors that influence nations to resort to specific actions, and how does the effectiveness of these actions impact their decision-making?
Turn to, adopt, employ.
former
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "former" to describe someone or something that held a previous role, title, or status before a change occurred.
Referring to a person or thing that held a previous position, status, or condition, often before a change or transition.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
In front of the Russian Embassy in Berlin, Marat Guelman, a former Kremlin consultant turned opposition figure, expressed his views on Mr. Navalny's death. The power of Mr. Navalny's legacy was evident as former colleagues and associates gathered to pay tribute to his impact on the opposition movement.
Former colleague, former leader, former member.
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
Previous, ex, past.
Share a circumstance or situation that remains murky and requires more investigative journalism to provide clarity.
cornerstone
noun
Usage Tips
Definition:
- Formal situations, especially in strategic discussions.
- Commonly used in business and planning contexts.
A fundamental or essential element that forms the basis or foundation of something larger.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
Renewable energy is a cornerstone of China's strategy for economic growth. Trust and communication are the cornerstones of a strong team.
Cornerstone of growth, cornerstone of success, essential cornerstone
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
In your opinion, what are the cornerstones of a successful business or project?
Foundation, fundamental element, key component
on display
phrase
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "on display" to describe the visibility or demonstration of something, often to a broader audience.
Evident or observable, typically referring to something being prominently shown or demonstrated for others to see or experience.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
The power of Mr. Navalny's legacy was already on display within hours of his reported death, as Russians gathered for impromptu vigils worldwide. Social media platforms were on display with reports of people inside Russia paying tribute to Mr. Navalny by laying flowers in his memory.
Put on display, showcase, demonstrate.
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
Evident, visible, exhibited.
Can you think of a moment when a concept, skill, or emotion was on display, and how did it influence the overall atmosphere of that situation?
stunning
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "stunning" to describe events or situations that evoke a strong and positive or negative emotional reaction due to their unexpected nature.
Causing a strong sense of surprise, admiration, or astonishment due to its unexpected or impressive nature.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
The stunning 24-hour uprising led by Yevgeny V. Prigozhin last summer captivated the nation. Mr. Navalny's sudden death was a stunning event that reverberated both domestically and internationally.
Stunning revelation, stunning performance, stunning achievement.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Can you think of an event that many people in your country found to be stunning? Why was is it such a surprise?
Surprising, astonishing, impressive.
cite
verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "cite" when indicating the reference or quotation of specific information or sources to support a statement or argument.
To refer to or quote as evidence or justification for an argument or claim; to mention as an authority or example.
Words Often Used With the Term:
Sample Sentences:
Citing the widespread view that the Kremlin was essentially responsible for Mr. Navalny's death, President Biden asserted in comments on Friday afternoon. Academic papers require authors to cite relevant sources to support their research and arguments.
Cite evidence, cite examples, cite references.
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
Reference, quote, mention.
How does the act of citing sources contribute to the credibility of information, and what challenges can arise when sources are not properly cited?
wage
verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "to wage" when describing the active pursuit or execution of a specific action, often in the context of warfare, campaigns, or efforts.
To carry out or conduct, typically referring to a war, campaign, or systematic effort.
Words Often Used With the Term:
Sample Sentences:
The Kremlin has strategically used high salaries to military recruits to wage its invasion without resorting to a second military draft. Nations often consider the potential consequences before deciding to wage military interventions.
Wage war, wage a campaign, wage an economic strategy.
Synoynyms:
Discussion Question:
Conduct, pursue, carry out.
In what ways can nations wage their policies or strategies without resorting to traditional methods of conflict, and what are the implications of such approaches?
offset
verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
- Formal and informal situations, especially in discussions about balance and compensation.
- Frequently used in environmental and economic contexts.
To counterbalance or compensate for something, often used to minimize or neutralize the effects of an unfavorable situation.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
China aims to offset the impact of a slump in the housing construction sector. Implementing green practices can help offset the environmental impact of a business.
Offset the impact, offset challenges, offset unfavorable situations
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
How can individuals offset their carbon footprint in daily life?
Counterbalance, compensate, neutralize
prominent
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "prominent" when describing something or someone that is easily visible, well-known, or influential.
Easily noticeable or widely recognized, often used to describe individuals, ideas, or features that stand out or command attention.
Words Often Used With the Term:
Sample Sentences:
The artist gained prominent recognition for her unique style and innovative approach. In the political landscape, prominent figures often shape public discourse and policy decisions.
Prominent figure, prominent role, gain prominence.
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
Noteworthy, influential, conspicuous.
Think about the people in your community. Who are the most prominent figures, and how do they contribute to shaping the local culture or identity?
prominent
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "prominent" when describing something or someone that is easily visible, well-known, or influential.
Easily noticeable or widely recognized, often used to describe individuals, ideas, or features that stand out or command attention.
Words Often Used With the Term:
Sample Sentences:
The artist gained prominent recognition for her unique style and innovative approach. In the political landscape, prominent figures often shape public discourse and policy decisions.
Prominent figure, prominent role, gain prominence.
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
Noteworthy, influential, conspicuous.
Think about the people in your community. Who are the most prominent figures, and how do they contribute to shaping the local culture or identity?
widespread
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "far-reaching" to emphasize the extensive and impactful nature of actions, policies, or events.
Existing or occurring over a large area or among many people; widely accepted, prevalent, or distributed.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
Citing the widespread view that the Kremlin was essentially responsible for Mr. Navalny's death. The organization's initiative received widespread support from various communities.
Far-reaching consequences, far-reaching implications, far-reaching reforms.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
What is a widespread belief in your country that may not be found in other nations?
Wide-reaching, extensive, impactful.
murky
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "murky" to describe situations where information or circumstances are unclear and lack transparency.
Unclear, ambiguous, or lacking transparency, often describing a situation or set of circumstances that is not easily understood.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
The circumstances surrounding Mr. Navalny's death remain murky, leaving many questions unanswered. In political matters, leaders may intentionally keep certain details murky to control the narrative.
Murky details, murky circumstances, keep things murky.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Share a circumstance or situation that remains murky and requires more investigative journalism to provide clarity.
Ambiguous, unclear, opaque.
beleaguered
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "beleaguered" to describe entities facing prolonged and challenging circumstances.
Experiencing persistent difficulties, challenges, or hardships, often with a sense of being under siege or constantly besieged.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
Marat Guelman believed that Mr. Navalny's death had the potential to re-energize Russia's beleaguered opposition groups. The beleaguered nature of the opposition's struggle became a focal point in discussions about Mr. Navalny's legacy.
Beleaguered opposition, beleaguered community, beleaguered organization.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
In your opinion, how does the media's portrayal of beleaguered communities impact public perception, and what steps can be taken to provide a more nuanced understanding?
Struggling, besieged, embattled.
unsettle
verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "unsettle" to describe the disturbance or agitation of emotions or situations, often leading to a sense of discomfort or uncertainty.
To disturb or agitate, causing feelings of discomfort, anxiety, or uncertainty.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
Mr. Vinogradov suggested that the news could further unsettle Russia's governing class. Sudden policy changes can unsettle employees and impact morale in the workplace.
Unsettle emotions, unsettle a situation, further unsettle.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Share a recent situation that may have unsettled diplomacy between two countries. What caused it?
Disturb, agitate, perturb.
draw
verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
- Both formal and informal situations.
- Commonly used in marketing and attraction discussions.
To attract or pull in, often used to describe the ability to captivate or gain interest.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
China's solar exports have drawn urgent responses from other countries. The new marketing campaign aims to draw customers to the latest products.
Draw attention, draw interest, draw customers
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
What factors do you think draw individuals to certain brands or products?
Attract, captivate, gain interest
impromptu
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "impromptu" to describe actions or events that occur without prior planning or organization.
Done or arranged spontaneously, without prior planning or preparation, often in response to an immediate need or situation.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
Russians gathered for impromptu vigils in cities worldwide to mourn the reported death of Mr. Navalny. The impromptu expressions of grief and solidarity reflected the deep impact of Mr. Navalny's legacy.
Impromptu gathering, impromptu speech, impromptu celebration.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Share an experience when you participated in or witnessed an impromptu event. How did it happen?
Spontaneous, unplanned, unrehearsed.
prominent
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "prominent" when describing something or someone that is easily visible, well-known, or influential.
Easily noticeable or widely recognized, often used to describe individuals, ideas, or features that stand out or command attention.
Words Often Used With the Term:
Sample Sentences:
The artist gained prominent recognition for her unique style and innovative approach. In the political landscape, prominent figures often shape public discourse and policy decisions.
Prominent figure, prominent role, gain prominence.
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
Noteworthy, influential, conspicuous.
Think about the people in your community. Who are the most prominent figures, and how do they contribute to shaping the local culture or identity?
sweep
verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
- Formal and informal situations.
- Suitable for describing broad and rapid influences.
To spread widely or quickly, often used to describe the rapid and extensive impact of a particular event or change.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
A wave of bankruptcies swept the European solar industry. The news of the policy change quickly swept through the business community.
Sweep through, sweeping impact, sweeping changes
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Can you share a historical event or trend that had a sweeping impact on society or the economy?
Spread, extend, widespread
surefire
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "surefire" when expressing a high level of confidence in the success or effectiveness of something.
Certain to be successful or effective, often used to describe strategies, methods, or outcomes with a high level of confidence.
Words Often Used With the Term:
Sample Sentences:
The new marketing campaign was deemed a surefire way to increase customer engagement. In the competitive field of technology, innovation is seen as a surefire path to industry leadership.
Surefire success, surefire method, surefire way.
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
Guaranteed, foolproof, certain.
Discuss situations in which people around you confidently declared their plans or ideas as surefire. Were these assertions validated, or were there surprises along the way?
prominent
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "prominent" when describing something or someone that is easily visible, well-known, or influential.
Easily noticeable or widely recognized, often used to describe individuals, ideas, or features that stand out or command attention.
Words Often Used With the Term:
Sample Sentences:
The artist gained prominent recognition for her unique style and innovative approach. In the political landscape, prominent figures often shape public discourse and policy decisions.
Prominent figure, prominent role, gain prominence.
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
Noteworthy, influential, conspicuous.
Think about the people in your community. Who are the most prominent figures, and how do they contribute to shaping the local culture or identity?
legacy
noun
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "legacy" to refer to the enduring impact or influence that continues beyond a specific time period.
The lasting impact, influence, or contributions that someone or something leaves behind, often after they have passed away or concluded.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
Tatiana Stanovaya wrote that, even in death, Mr. Navalny poses a problem for the Kremlin, and they will have to deal with Navalny's legacy. Historical figures often leave a lasting legacy that shapes the course of future events.
Leave a legacy, shape a legacy, build a legacy.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Reflect on the concept of legacy. What aspects of a person's life or work do you believe contribute to a significant legacy?
Influence, impact, heritage.
disparate
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "disparate" to describe elements that are distinct, varied, or lack a clear connection.
Distinct, dissimilar, or lacking a clear connection, often referring to elements that are fundamentally different or varied.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
Marat Guelman expressed hope that Mr. Navalny's death could bring together Russia's disparate opposition groups. The reports of impromptu vigils and memorials highlighted the unity among seemingly disparate individuals mourning Mr. Navalny.
Disparate groups, disparate elements, disparate perspectives.
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
Diverse, distinct, unrelated.
In your community or workplace, can you identify areas where disparate viewpoints obstructed collaboration?
steep
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
- Formal and informal situations.
- Suitable for describing physical inclines and metaphorical challenges.
Having a sharp incline or slope; metaphorically, referring to a high or intense level of something.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
The mountain path became steep as we climbed higher. We faced a steep learning curve when adapting to new technology.
Steep incline, steep challenge, steep learning curve
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Can you share an experience where you encountered a steep challenge and how you approached it?
Sharp, intense, challenging
push out
phrasal verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
- Both formal and informal situations.
- Commonly used in discussions about competition, markets, and industries.
To force someone or something out of a particular place, market, or industry.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
Chinese competitors heavily subsidized were accused of pushing out European businesses. Unfair trade practices can push out local industries from the global market.
Push out competitors, push out of the market, pushed out by competition
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
How can businesses prevent being pushed out by unfair competition in the global market?
Expel, force out, oust
assert
verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "assert" when describing the confident and forceful expression of a fact, belief, or opinion.
To state or express a fact or belief confidently and forcefully; to declare with assurance.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
President Biden asserted in comments that the Kremlin was essentially responsible for Mr. Navalny's death. During debates, candidates often assert their positions on key issues.
Assert a claim, assert authority, assert one's position.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
How can individuals effectively assert their opinions without alienating others?
Declare, state, proclaim.
prominent
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "prominent" when describing something or someone that is easily visible, well-known, or influential.
Easily noticeable or widely recognized, often used to describe individuals, ideas, or features that stand out or command attention.
Words Often Used With the Term:
Sample Sentences:
The artist gained prominent recognition for her unique style and innovative approach. In the political landscape, prominent figures often shape public discourse and policy decisions.
Prominent figure, prominent role, gain prominence.
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
Noteworthy, influential, conspicuous.
Think about the people in your community. Who are the most prominent figures, and how do they contribute to shaping the local culture or identity?
turning point
Usage Tips
NOUN
Definition:
Use "turning point" to highlight a pivotal moment that brings about substantial change or transformation.
A critical moment or event in time that marks a significant change in a situation, course of action, or overall development.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
The discovery of penicillin was a turning point in the history of medicine, revolutionizing the treatment of infections. Graduating from college often represents a turning point in one's life, opening up new opportunities and responsibilities.
Reach a turning point, pivotal moment, turning point in history.
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
critical juncture, watershed moment, pivotal event.
Can you recall a personal or historical turning point that had a profound impact on subsequent events or outcomes?
highlight
verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "highlight" to draw attention to specific details, events, or aspects for emphasis.
To emphasize or make something more noticeable, bringing attention to its significance or importance.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
The episode highlighted the potential for opposition to spin out of control at a moment's notice. Mr. Navalny's death highlights the complex relationship between the Kremlin and dissenting voices.
Highlight the key points, highlight the challenges, highlight the achievements.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Can you recall a situation where highlighting a specific aspect was crucial, and how did it influence the overall understanding of the topic?
Emphasize, spotlight, underscore.
unleash
verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "unleash" when describing a powerful or intense release of something, whether it's energy, creativity, or a new initiative.
To release or set free, often referring to deploying something with great force or intensity.
Words Often Used With the Term:
Sample Sentences:
China unleashed the full might of its solar energy industry last year. The company decided to unleash a new product line to capture the market's attention.
unleash potential, unleash creativity, unleash innovation
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
release, deploy, activate
What are some resources that your country has yet to unleash?
far-reaching
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "far-reaching" to emphasize the extensive and impactful nature of actions, policies, or events.
Extending over a significant distance or having a wide and profound impact, often used to describe the scope or consequences of actions, policies, or events.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
The West's far-reaching sanctions have not crippled Russia's economy, but they have created noticeable effects in various sectors. A far-reaching educational reform was implemented to address systemic issues in the education system.
Far-reaching consequences, far-reaching implications, far-reaching reforms.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Reflect on decisions or actions in your life that had far-reaching consequences, either positive or negative.
Wide-reaching, extensive, impactful.
snuff out
phrasal verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "snuff out" when describing the forceful suppression or elimination of something, such as dissent, protests, or opposition.
To extinguish or suppress something forcefully, often referring to the swift and decisive elimination of protests, dissent, or opposition.
Words Often Used With the Term:
Sample Sentences:
Authorities moved quickly to snuff out any signs of resistance to the new policy. The government's attempts to snuff out dissent were met with widespread criticism.
Snuff out protests, snuff out dissent, attempts to snuff out.
Synonyms:
Discussion Question:
Suppress, quash, extinguish.
Think about a time when technology or innovation snuffed out outdated practices in your industry or field. How did it shape the way things are done?
little-known
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "little-known" to describe something or someone that is not widely recognized or familiar to the general public.
Not widely recognized or familiar; lacking widespread awareness or popularity.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
There was the surprise popularity of a little-known antiwar candidate for the coming presidential election. Little-known facts about historical figures can offer fresh perspectives on their lives and contributions.
Little-known facts, little-known candidate, little-known artist.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
In your community, are there any little-known gems, like hidden cafes or scenic spots, that you would recommend to others?
Obscure, unfamiliar, undiscovered.
repression
noun
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "repression" to describe the systematic limitation or control of the expression of ideas, actions, or movements.
The act or process of suppressing, controlling, or forcefully limiting the expression of ideas, actions, or movements, often by an authority.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
Mr. Vinogradov described the news as a reminder of the extraordinary lengths the government will go to repress dissent. Historical movements have often faced repression when challenging established power structures.
Political repression, cultural repression, repression of freedom.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Explore the psychological impact of government repression on individuals and communities. How does it influence collective behavior and attitudes?
Suppression, control, limitation.
vulnerable
adjective
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "vulnerable" to describe conditions or situations where there is a heightened risk of harm or exploitation due to a lack of protection.
Susceptible to harm, damage, or exploitation; lacking protection or defense.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
Mikhail Vinogradov suggested that Mr. Putin's vulnerabilities, like corruption, provided an opening for an opportunistic opponent. During times of economic instability, certain industries may become vulnerable to market fluctuations.
Vulnerable position, vulnerable to attacks, vulnerable populations.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
What are some vulnerabilities that your country might be facing? How can it be addressed?
Susceptible, at risk, exposed.
overreact
verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "overreact" to describe responses that go beyond what is necessary or proportionate to a given situation.
Held back, restrained, or accumulated over a period, often referring to emotions, desires, or frustrations.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
One key question is whether the Kremlin follows Mr. Navalny's death with a new round of repression and censorship or if they overreact to the situation. The challenge lies in finding a balanced response, ensuring leaders do not overreact to perceived threats.
Overreact to criticism, overreact to challenges, avoid overreacting.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Can you think of instances where individuals or leaders tend to overreact, and what consequences may arise from such reactions?
Exaggerate, respond disproportionately, react excessively.
unease
noun
Usage Tips
Definition:
Use "unease" to describe a state of mild anxiety or discomfort often linked to uncertain or unfamiliar circumstances.
A feeling of discomfort, apprehension, or mild anxiety often arising from uncertainty, doubt, or an unfamiliar situation.
Sample Sentences:
Words Often Used With the Term:
Sudden policy changes in the workplace can create a sense of unease among employees. Unease in diplomatic relations can impact global stability and cooperation.
Simmering unease, uneasy feelings, sense of unease.
Discussion Question:
Synonyms:
Can you recall a personal or professional experience where you felt unease, and how did you navigate it?
Discomfort, apprehension, anxiety.
harness
verb
Usage Tips
Definition:
- Both formal and informal situations.
- Suitable for discussions related to utilizing resources and energy.