Languagecharacteristics
by daniel david mackenzie aberle ma18055
Reflexibility
displacement
ARBITRARINESS
cultural transmission
PRODUCTIVITY
DUALITY
Language characteristics
TALKING TO ANIMALS
CHIMPANZEE AND LANGUAGES
AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE
PLASTIC SHAPES
THE YERKISH LANGUAGE
THE CONTROVERSY
Bibliography File:Arthur Heyer - Bulldog and Cat.jpg. (2024, January 7). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 22:40, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arthur_Heyer_-_Bulldog_and_Cat.jpg&oldid=839145387. File:Asl alphabet gallaudet.svg. (2024, January 30). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 22:55, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Asl_alphabet_gallaudet.svg&oldid=847273191. File:ASL Name.svg. (2023, June 21). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 22:52, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ASL_Name.svg&oldid=776046439. File:Assistant referee 15abr2007.jpg. (2023, September 27). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 21:35, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Assistant_referee_15abr2007.jpg&oldid=805565913 File:Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).jpg. (2024, February 27). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 22:50, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chimpanzee_(Pan_troglodytes).jpg&oldid=856319282. Fesliyan Studios. (n.d). Horse Angry Neigh and Breathing Sound Effect. [Audio],
https://www.fesliyanstudios.com/royalty-free-sound-effects-download/horse-262
File:Ford assembly line - 1913.jpg. (2024, February 2). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 21:39, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ford_assembly_line_-_1913.jpg&oldid=848040097. File:Chinese child drinking from juicebox.jpg. (2024, February 29). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 21:28, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chinese_child_drinking_from_juicebox.jpg&oldid=856718027. File:Daa gyei Academy culture day-16.jpg. (2024, March 2). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 21:21, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Daa_gyei_Academy_culture_day-16.jpg&oldid=857221268. File:Singapore road sign - Warning - Dual carriageway ends.svg. (2022, September 12). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 22:35, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Singapore_road_sign_-_Warning_-_Dual_carriageway_ends.svg&oldid=688092599. File:Honigbiene(Apis mellifera).svg. (2023, February 21). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 21:44, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Honigbiene(Apis_mellifera).svg&oldid=734597095. Yule, George (2017). The Study of Language. Sixth Edition. Cambridge
University Press.
File:Rendering of the future building for the National Soccer Hall of Fame.jpg. (2022, December 14). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 21:04, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rendering_of_the_future_building_for_the_National_Soccer_Hall_of_Fame.jpg&oldid=714934844.
File:Similar-geometric-shapes-all-illustration.svg. (2022, October 22). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 23:02, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Similar-geometric-shapes-all-illustration.svg&oldid=698274984.
Reflexibility
When a dog barks, he isn't advising the other dog about the way he should be barking in a more threating way. Thus, they are not using reflexibility. When it comes to humans, the characteristics of reflexibility is used in communication since we use the language to ponder and talk about language itself. Example: We can tell the neighbors to turn down the volume of their stereo because it is bothersome.
Languagecharacteristics
Plastic Shapes
At the same time, as Washoe was learning sign language, another chimp was being instructed (by Ann and David Premack) to use a set of plastic shapes for the purpose of communicating with humans. Sarah, the chimp, had arranged shapes in vertical order. She was trained to associate plastic shapes with objects or actions. Once Sara was able to obtain an apple by choosing the right plastic shape (a blue triangle) from a long line of plastic shapes, Sara was able to form sentences like "Mary give chocolate to Sara."
Duality
Human language is organized at two levels at the same time. This is called duality or double articulation. When we speak, we have a physical level which produces sounds like n, b, and i. As an individual sound, none have true meaning, but as a combination such as BIN, we have a meaning which is different from a combination of the same sounds, NIB. At one level, we have different sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings.
American Sign Language
The scientist couple, (Beatrix and Allen Gardner) were able to instruct a female chimp called Washoe to use a version of the American Sign Language used by children. In a period of 3 1/2 years, Washoe was able to learn over a hundred words, consisting from airplane, baby, and banana through window, woman and you.
Cultural Transmission
We acquire a language in another culture with other speakers and not from our parental genes. An example of this is an infant born in China but adopted by American native English speakers in the U.S. The child will not have the inherited physical traits inherited from their adoptive parents but will speak their native language which is English.
The Controversy
Both Sarah and Lana were able to show their ability to use word symbols and basic structure which appeared superficially to look like the use of language. However, there are a lot of questions about these apparent linguistic skills. It was referred that when Lana used the symbol for the word please, she did not have to understand the meaning of the word please.
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Productivity
Humans can produce the number of utterances in any language which is an infinite number. When it comes to other non-human creatures to produce signals or vocal calls which are limited, it is not possible for creatures to produce new signals for new events. For example, the honeybee will not be able to communicate the location of the nectar source to other bees. They will fail to do so if the location is new.
Chimpanzees and Languages
In the 1930's, two scientists raised an infant chimpanzee with their baby son. Gua the chimpanzee was able to understand a hundred words but did not say any of them. In the 1940's, a chimpanzee called Viki was raised by another scientific couple in their home as she were a human child. The adoptive parents were able to get Viki to pronounce some words, though it was poorly articulated such as mama, papa and cup. This was a great accomplishment since human primates don't actually possess a structual vocal tract suited for articulating sounds used in speech.
Talking to Animals
Some humans think that their animals understand the human language. Horseman say Whoa for horses to stop. Dog owners will exclaim "heel" to dogs and they will heel. (not all the time). Animal trainers at circuses will give commands, "Up, Down and Rollover to their animals to do tricks. But the explanation is that animals are following the innotation of our voice to individual words.
Displacement
When your dog barks at dinner time, you can conclude that it's time to feed him, and you are comprehending this message to the immediate time and place. But you can't ask your dog if he was hungry yesterday. You won't get the same bark from him. However, when it comes to human communication, human language users have the ability to produce grrr like the dog. Thus humans can mention about the past or future about going to the park which dogs don't have this capability. Thus humanity can refer to the past and future time while dogs or cats cannot. This is called displacement.
Arbitrariness
There is not a natural connection between linguistic form and its meaning. We can't just compare the cryllic Russian word of cat to its exact meaning to a non-native speaker as to the English translation form. There is no linguistic form which has no natural iconic relationship between words and objects called arbitrariness.
The Yerkish Language
A similar training method was used by another scientist by the name of Yerkish and consisted of a set of sentences on a large keyboard connected to a computer. The chimp in training was name Lana and when she wanted water, she had to find and press four symbols to produce the message, please machine give water.
TThe Yerkish Language
raA similar
Lorem ipsum dolor sit
- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.
- Consectetur adipiscing elit.
- Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut.
- Labore et dolore magna aliqua.
LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS
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Transcript
Languagecharacteristics
by daniel david mackenzie aberle ma18055
Reflexibility
displacement
ARBITRARINESS
cultural transmission
PRODUCTIVITY
DUALITY
Language characteristics
TALKING TO ANIMALS
CHIMPANZEE AND LANGUAGES
AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE
PLASTIC SHAPES
THE YERKISH LANGUAGE
THE CONTROVERSY
Bibliography File:Arthur Heyer - Bulldog and Cat.jpg. (2024, January 7). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 22:40, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arthur_Heyer_-_Bulldog_and_Cat.jpg&oldid=839145387. File:Asl alphabet gallaudet.svg. (2024, January 30). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 22:55, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Asl_alphabet_gallaudet.svg&oldid=847273191. File:ASL Name.svg. (2023, June 21). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 22:52, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ASL_Name.svg&oldid=776046439. File:Assistant referee 15abr2007.jpg. (2023, September 27). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 21:35, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Assistant_referee_15abr2007.jpg&oldid=805565913 File:Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).jpg. (2024, February 27). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 22:50, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chimpanzee_(Pan_troglodytes).jpg&oldid=856319282. Fesliyan Studios. (n.d). Horse Angry Neigh and Breathing Sound Effect. [Audio], https://www.fesliyanstudios.com/royalty-free-sound-effects-download/horse-262 File:Ford assembly line - 1913.jpg. (2024, February 2). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 21:39, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ford_assembly_line_-_1913.jpg&oldid=848040097. File:Chinese child drinking from juicebox.jpg. (2024, February 29). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 21:28, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chinese_child_drinking_from_juicebox.jpg&oldid=856718027. File:Daa gyei Academy culture day-16.jpg. (2024, March 2). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 21:21, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Daa_gyei_Academy_culture_day-16.jpg&oldid=857221268. File:Singapore road sign - Warning - Dual carriageway ends.svg. (2022, September 12). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 22:35, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Singapore_road_sign_-_Warning_-_Dual_carriageway_ends.svg&oldid=688092599. File:Honigbiene(Apis mellifera).svg. (2023, February 21). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 21:44, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Honigbiene(Apis_mellifera).svg&oldid=734597095. Yule, George (2017). The Study of Language. Sixth Edition. Cambridge University Press. File:Rendering of the future building for the National Soccer Hall of Fame.jpg. (2022, December 14). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 21:04, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rendering_of_the_future_building_for_the_National_Soccer_Hall_of_Fame.jpg&oldid=714934844. File:Similar-geometric-shapes-all-illustration.svg. (2022, October 22). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 23:02, March 13, 2024 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Similar-geometric-shapes-all-illustration.svg&oldid=698274984.
Reflexibility
When a dog barks, he isn't advising the other dog about the way he should be barking in a more threating way. Thus, they are not using reflexibility. When it comes to humans, the characteristics of reflexibility is used in communication since we use the language to ponder and talk about language itself. Example: We can tell the neighbors to turn down the volume of their stereo because it is bothersome.
Languagecharacteristics
Plastic Shapes
At the same time, as Washoe was learning sign language, another chimp was being instructed (by Ann and David Premack) to use a set of plastic shapes for the purpose of communicating with humans. Sarah, the chimp, had arranged shapes in vertical order. She was trained to associate plastic shapes with objects or actions. Once Sara was able to obtain an apple by choosing the right plastic shape (a blue triangle) from a long line of plastic shapes, Sara was able to form sentences like "Mary give chocolate to Sara."
Duality
Human language is organized at two levels at the same time. This is called duality or double articulation. When we speak, we have a physical level which produces sounds like n, b, and i. As an individual sound, none have true meaning, but as a combination such as BIN, we have a meaning which is different from a combination of the same sounds, NIB. At one level, we have different sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings.
American Sign Language
The scientist couple, (Beatrix and Allen Gardner) were able to instruct a female chimp called Washoe to use a version of the American Sign Language used by children. In a period of 3 1/2 years, Washoe was able to learn over a hundred words, consisting from airplane, baby, and banana through window, woman and you.
Cultural Transmission
We acquire a language in another culture with other speakers and not from our parental genes. An example of this is an infant born in China but adopted by American native English speakers in the U.S. The child will not have the inherited physical traits inherited from their adoptive parents but will speak their native language which is English.
The Controversy
Both Sarah and Lana were able to show their ability to use word symbols and basic structure which appeared superficially to look like the use of language. However, there are a lot of questions about these apparent linguistic skills. It was referred that when Lana used the symbol for the word please, she did not have to understand the meaning of the word please.
¿Tienes una idea?
Usa este espacio para añadir una interactividad genial. Incluye texto, imágenes, vídeos, tablas, PDFs… ¡incluso preguntas interactivas! Tip premium: Obten información de cómo interacciona tu audiencia:
Productivity
Humans can produce the number of utterances in any language which is an infinite number. When it comes to other non-human creatures to produce signals or vocal calls which are limited, it is not possible for creatures to produce new signals for new events. For example, the honeybee will not be able to communicate the location of the nectar source to other bees. They will fail to do so if the location is new.
Chimpanzees and Languages
In the 1930's, two scientists raised an infant chimpanzee with their baby son. Gua the chimpanzee was able to understand a hundred words but did not say any of them. In the 1940's, a chimpanzee called Viki was raised by another scientific couple in their home as she were a human child. The adoptive parents were able to get Viki to pronounce some words, though it was poorly articulated such as mama, papa and cup. This was a great accomplishment since human primates don't actually possess a structual vocal tract suited for articulating sounds used in speech.
Talking to Animals
Some humans think that their animals understand the human language. Horseman say Whoa for horses to stop. Dog owners will exclaim "heel" to dogs and they will heel. (not all the time). Animal trainers at circuses will give commands, "Up, Down and Rollover to their animals to do tricks. But the explanation is that animals are following the innotation of our voice to individual words.
Displacement
When your dog barks at dinner time, you can conclude that it's time to feed him, and you are comprehending this message to the immediate time and place. But you can't ask your dog if he was hungry yesterday. You won't get the same bark from him. However, when it comes to human communication, human language users have the ability to produce grrr like the dog. Thus humans can mention about the past or future about going to the park which dogs don't have this capability. Thus humanity can refer to the past and future time while dogs or cats cannot. This is called displacement.
Arbitrariness
There is not a natural connection between linguistic form and its meaning. We can't just compare the cryllic Russian word of cat to its exact meaning to a non-native speaker as to the English translation form. There is no linguistic form which has no natural iconic relationship between words and objects called arbitrariness.
The Yerkish Language
A similar training method was used by another scientist by the name of Yerkish and consisted of a set of sentences on a large keyboard connected to a computer. The chimp in training was name Lana and when she wanted water, she had to find and press four symbols to produce the message, please machine give water.
TThe Yerkish Language
raA similar
Lorem ipsum dolor sit