ENGLISH3. UNIT 8

Intercultural communication

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST 4

UNIT 8

START

01

International Business Etiquette

ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONTRAST AND CONCESSION

02

TRANSITION WORDS AND PHRASES THAT SHOW CONTRAST AND CONCESSION

What are two cultural differences that might cause misunderstandings when people from different cultures attend business meetings together?

03

THE WRITING PROCESS: CONCLUSIONS

What are some assumptiions that may cause misunderstandings?

Comprehension check

Read the essay

Notice

Grammar

The writing process

Adverb clauses can show many different relationships.

Adverb clauses of contrast and concession

Contrast 2 things or ideas

Before or after the main clause.

While and Whereas

Adverb clauses of contrast

Adverb clauses of contrast and concession

Special kind of contrast

Although, even though, and while

Exercise 2.1

Exercise 2.2

Adverb clauses of concession

Transition words and phrases that show contrast and concession

Another important way to signal differences or unexpected results in comparison and contrast writing is with transition words and phrases.

Transition words and phrases that signal contrast and concession

Position

Differences

Punctuation

Transition words and phrases that show contrast and concession

Transition words and phrases that signal: differences in meanings

On the contrary

In contrast

However

Nevertheless and nonetheless

On the other hand

Transition words and phrases that show contrast and concession

Prepositions that show contrast and concession

Prepositions can also signal contrast or concession.

Unlike transition words, prepositions are followed by a noun phrase. Often the noun phrase begins with a verb + -ing.

Despite and in spite of express an unexpected fact or idea.

Instead of replaces one idea or thing with another. Note: Don't confuse instead (adv) with instead of.

Exrecise 3.1

PRACTICE TIME

last name/ first name

AVOID COMMON MISTAKES

THANKS!

READY FOR TEST 4 (UNITS 7 AND 8)

Adverb clauses of contrast and concession are common grammatical constructions in academic writing and are especially useful in comparison and contrast writing. *In some cultures punctuality is important, while in other cultures, people arrive at events quite late. *Even though most companies train their executives, cross-cultural problems still arise.

In contrast presents two ideas that are different in some way.

An adverb clause of contrast can come before or after the main clause. If it comes first, it is followed by a comma. However, it is more common for and adverb clause of contrast to appear second. Unlike other adverb clauses, a comma can come before an adverb clause of contrast when it appears second to emphasize contrast.

Transition words and phrases often begin a sentence and are followed by a comma and an independent clause. Sometimes they are preceded by a semicolon, but this use is not as common.

On the other hand presents contrasting aspects of one idea. Note: Sometimes in contrast and on the other hand are used interchangeably.

Nevertheless and nonetheless show unexpected facts or ideas.

Adverb clauses of concession express a special kind of contrast. They show that the idea in the main clause is surprising or unexpected.

Use transition words and phrases such as conversely, however, in contrast, instead, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, and on the other hand to signal differences.

Transition words and phrases can also come between the subject and the verb. In this case, commas go before and after.

The capacity to communicate with people from diverse cultures is referred to as intercultural communication. Interacting effectively across cultural lines requires perseverance and sensitivity to one another's differences. This encompasses language skills, customs, ways of thinking, social norms, and habits.

On the contrary rejects the statement that precedes it and then introduces an opposing idea.

Adverb clauses of contrast are introduced by the subordinators while and whereas. *While is much more common than whereas. *Whereas appears in academic writing, but it is rare in spoken English.

Don’t use a comma before while when you mean “during the same time.” (time)Do use a comma before while when you mean “whereas” or “although” and want to add emphasis. (contrast)

Adverb clauses of concession are introduced by subordinators: although, even though, and while. REMEMEBER: a comma can precede an adverb clause of concession to emphasize the contrast. Note: While can express general contrast as well as concession.

However is the most common transition word that shows direct contrast. It is similar in meaning to but.