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Mälestades Kloogat 1944

Õnne Laansoo

Created on March 6, 2024

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Virtuaalnäitus/ virtual exhibition

mälestades kloogat 1944/ in commemoration of klooga 1944

Juhendajad/ supervisors: Mare Oja, Meelis MaripuuAutorid/ authors: Tanil Peeter Kangur, Gregor Kelder, Õnne Laansoo, Franci Lisanna Rand, Kadriann Täherand

näitus eesti keeles

Exhibition in english

holokaust eestis

Laagrite võrgustik Eestis

klooga laager

Laager rajati 1943. aasta septembris Klooga aleviku lähedusse. Piirkond oli juba eelnenud Nõukogude okupatsiooni ajal (1940–1941) muudetud suletud militaaralaks. Nüüd tegutses siin Saksa sõjamajanduslik organisatsioon „Todt“. Enne juudi kinnipeetavate saabumist ehitasid laagrit tsiviilisikutest tööliste kõrval ka Nõukogude sõjavangid ja kriminaalvangid.

Klooga vangilaagrit ümbritses ligi nelja meetri kõrgune okastraataed. Laagri suuruseks oli umbes 1000×500 meetrit ja selle keskel paiknes kolm kahekorruselist kivimaja. Kaks kivimaja olid ümbritsetud okastraadiga ning seal majutati vahialuseid, kolmandas asus laagri kantselei ja administratsioon.

elu klooga laagris

Eluolu

Benjamin Anolik

Theodore & Mendel Balberyszski

Laagri viimane päev

Massimõrv

Massimõrva avastamine

Fotod

Hoiatus! Sisaldab häirivaid kaadreid!

Ellujäänute mälestused

elu peale laagrit

Benjamin Anolik

TheodoreBalberyszski

"Ma pääsesin Kloogalt vabana, aga orvuna. Vabanemine andis mulle esimesi lootuskiiri. Kuid ma ei vabanenud kunagi mälestustest. Mida ma ka edaspidi ei teinud, mälestus Kloogast oli alati minuga." Benjamin Anolik

Matusetalitus

Ellujäänute nimekiri

Fotod

statistika

  • Eestisse toodi Saksamaalt ja okupeeritud maadest 1942. aasta septembris ning 1943. ja 1944. aastal umbes 12 500 juuti.
  • Saksa vägede lahkudes jäi Eestisse umbes 100 juuti. Eestis suri või hukati 7000–8000 inimest.
  • Ligikaudu 4600 vangi viidi Eestist ära teistesse laagritesse, kus suur osa neist hukkus.
  • Kokku käis Klooga laagrist läbi ligikaudu 3000 juuti
  • Juurdluse põhjal oletati, et hukatute arv võis olla 1800-2000
  • 108 ellujäänut

ohvrite mälestamine

VS

Nõukogudeaegne postkaart Klooga massimõrvaohvrite hauamonumendi kujutisega. Foto: Harjumaa Muuseum

Mälestuskivi Klooga koonduslaagris mõrvatud või surnud juutidele. Foto: Olev Liivik

Klooga pärand tänapäeval

  • Austada ja mälestada holokausti ohvreid üle maailma.
  • Mäletada minevikus toimunud õudusi (sh inimsusevastaseid kuritegusid) ning seeläbi tagada, et need kunagi ei korduks.
  • Säilitada ajaloolist mälu ning anda seda tulevastele põlvkondadele edasi.
  • Õppida minevikust, edendada inimõigusi ning võidelda vihkamise ja diskrimineerimise vastu.

10

kasutatud allikad

The Holocaust in Estonia

The network of camps in Estonia

The main places of detention and execution of Estonian Jews.

Places of detention and execution of Jews brought from other countries.

the Klooga Camp

The camp was established in September 1943 near the village of Klooga. The area had already been converted into a closed military zone during the previous Soviet occupation (1940–1941). Now, the German wartime organization 'Todt' operated here. Before the arrival of Jewish detainees, the camp was constructed by civilian workers alongside Soviet prisoners of war and criminal convicts.

The Klooga prison camp was surrounded by a nearly four-meter-high barbed wire fence. The camp measured approximately 1000×500 meters, with three two-story stone buildings located in the center. Two of the stone buildings were surrounded by barbed wire and housed prisoners, while the third housed the camp's office and administration.

Life in Klooga camp

Living situation

BenjaminAnolik

Theodore & Mendel Balberyszski

Last day in the camp

Mass murder

Discovery of the mass murder

Photos

Warning! Content may be disturbing!

Memories of the survivors

Life after the camp

Benjamin Anolik

TheodoreBalberyszski

"I escaped Klooga as a free man, but as an orphan. Liberation gave me the first glimmers of hope. However, I never escaped the memories. No matter what I did afterwards, the memory of Klooga was always with me." Benjamin Anolik

Funeral service

List of survivors

Photos

Statistics

  • In September 1942 and in 1943 and 1944, approximately 12,500 Jews were brought to Estonia from Germany and occupied territories.
  • When the German forces left Estonia, only about 100 Jews remained in the country. Approximately 7000-8000 people died or were killed in Estonia.
  • Around 4600 prisoners were taken from Estonia to other camps, where a large number of them perished.
  • In total, approximately 3000 Jews passed through Klooga camp.
  • Based on the investigation, it was estimated that the number of those killed could have been between 1800 and 2000.
  • 108 survivors.

Mourning the victims

VS

A Soviet-era postcard depicting the memorial to the victims of the Klooga massacre. Photo: Harju County Museum

Monument in Klooga concentration camp for murdered or deceased Jews. Photo: Olev Liivik

The legacy of Klooga today

  • To honor and commemorate the victims of the Holocaust worldwide.
  • To remember the past atrocities (including crimes against humanity) and thereby ensure that they never happen again.
  • To preserve historical memory and pass it on to future generations.
  • To learn from the past, promote human rights, and combat hatred and discrimination.

10

Sources

Klooga was one of the largest camps in the Vaivara network and operated the longest, from September 1943 to September 19, 1944. Klooga was the most horrific of these camps. Unlike most of the other camps, Klooga had no connection to the oil shale industry in Eastern Estonia. The prisoners at Klooga were primarily used in the wood and concrete industries, which were important for the war economy. In the late winter of 1944, a reserve and training regiment of Estonian Waffen-SS units was stationed near the Klooga camp. In the winters of 1943 and 1944, in addition to Jews, Ingrian Finns and Russians evacuated from the front lines in the Leningrad region were brought to Klooga. The evacuees lived separately in war refugee camps, which, in addition to Klooga, were also located in nearby settlements: Põllküla, Laoküla, and Paldiski.

klooga camp

Juudid olid jaotatud 100-liikmelistesse kolonnidesse, igale kolonnile määrasid sakslased brigadiri. Toit oli laagris vilets. Hommikusöögiks oli kohv, lõunaks oli liiter kruubisuppi, päevas anti 350 g leiba ja margariini, kord nädalas anti 25 g suhkrut või marmelaadi. 12-tunnine tööpäev käis alatoitluse all kannatavatele kinnipeetavatele üle jõu. Osaliselt töötati koos eestlastest palgatöölistega, mis võimaldas juutidel suhelda kohalike elanikega. Tänu sellele on teada, et mitmel puhul püüdsid kohalikud elanikud raskete sõjaaegade kiuste ka juute aidata – seda nii toiduga kui ka kontaktide otsimisel vangide mujal kinnipeetavate sugulaste või tuttavatega.

Vangide päev algas kell 5 rivistusega naiste bloki esisel platsil. Tööpäev algas kell 6 hommikul ja kestis koos tunniajase lõunaga kella 6ni õhtul.

eluolu

Saksa vägede kiirkorras taganemine Eesti mandriosast sai teatavaks 17. septembril 1944. Tallinnas ja Loode-Eestis paiknenud asutuste ja personali evakueerimiseks Tallinna ja Paldiski sadama kaudu kavandati viis päeva. Maaväe üksused pidid marsikorras taanduma lõunasse Riia suunas ja üle väinade Lääne-Eesti saartele.19. septembril 1944 kell 5 hommikul rivistati kõik Klooga vahialused nagu harilikult naiste bloki ette loendusplatsile. Laagriülem SS-Untersturmführer Werle teatas umbes 2000-le laagris olevale vangile, et nad evakueeritakse Saksamaale. Tegelikult olid laevad täis ja otsus juutide mõrvamiseks langetatud. Kes hukkamisotsuse langetas, on siiani teadmata. Paari tunni pärast valiti välja 300 füüsiliselt tugevamat meesvangi, kes pidid hakkama ette valmistama väidetavat evakueerimist. Nad pandi kandma suuri puuhalge metsalagendikule laagrist umbes kilomeetri kaugusel, kus laipade põletamiseks valmistati ette neli tuleriita, igaüks mõõtudega 6×6,5 meetrit.

massimõrv 19. septembril 1944

"Once during roll call, we were asked if anyone wanted to move to another camp. My brother had a theory that the more you changed places, the better your chances of survival. Moving on meant escaping. So the three of us - father, brother, and I - volunteered to transfer to another camp. At that time, we didn't know that the chapter of 'Klooga' was not yet over for us.Lagedi was a deserted place in the middle of forests and fields. And although we stayed there for only three weeks, this place remained in our memory as the place where we parted with our father. When we arrived, a hundred camp veterans awaited us at the gate. They told us that many Jewish prisoners had already passed through this camp in 'exchanges.' The camp was likely built by prisoners. At Lagedi, we were placed in barracks without floors, bunks, or platforms; we slept on the bare ground. But we were better fed there. Outside the camp, an Estonian SS sergeant lived with his family. In his yard, there was a field kitchen with cauldrons. I worked there as a stoker, and my partner and I were allowed to eat the leftovers from the cauldrons. Father and brother worked in the camp."

lagedi camp

"Sinna saadeti kakssada inimest. Liikusime jalgsi. Eestlastest valvurid panid asjad vankrile ja rakendasid meid sinna ette. Oli talv, ümberringi lumi. Uppusime lumme, lumi lämmatas meid, magasime, sukeldunud lumme. Sada kilomeetrit piina. Olin vaevalt elus, sest pärast tüüfuse põdemist olin veel nõrk. Pea käis ringi. Taarusin vaevaliselt, ühtelugu peatudes. Teadsin, et mahajääjad lastakse maha, kuid edasi minna ei jõudnud. Nisan nägi seda. Viimased kilomeetrid kandis ta mind kätel. Päästja. Nii me läksime: päeva, öö ja veel ühe öö, kuni lõpuks jõudsime eesmärgini - Kiviõli laagrisse.Minu esimene töö seisnes kütte hankimises. Läksime laagrist tuhamägedele ja kaevasime seal. Kütust veeti vagunites. Israel Cipelewicz - laagri komandant, juut, oli korralik inimene ja tegi kõik, mis oli tema võimuses, et meie olukorda kergendada. Sakslased tapsid ta."

"Suurem osa vange laagris olid üksikud, ilma perekonnata. Mehed ja naised. Meestel lubati vabalt minna naiste barakki. Siin oli palju Vilniusest deporteerituid, sealhulgas igasugust rahvast, ka kurjategijaid. Mõned naisvangid igatsesid meest - kaitsjat, kuid see ei olnud ainus põhjus. Kurjategijad kasutasid juhust ja kohtlesid naisvange kui armukesi. Kuid leidus ka tõelisi kaitsjaid."

kiviõli laager

Benjamin Anolik sündis 1926. a Leedus. Kui ta oli 15-aastane, hõivasid tema kodulinna Vilno (Vilniuse) natsid. Benjamini vanemad hukkusid sõjatules, ta kaotas samuti oma sugulased ja sõbrad. Tema noorus möödus getos ja natslikes koonduslaagrites, sh elas B. Anolik kuues koondulaagris Eesti pinnal. Imekombel õnnestus Benjaminil ellu jääda, ka Klooga laagris.Klooga koonduslaagris hävitati kogu tema pere.

benjamin anolik 1926-2018

At around four o'clock, the German officers took about thirty people with them, and about fifteen minutes later, they heard gunshots. They immediately understood what was going to happen to them. The first thought in their minds was hopelessness. Klooga camp was surrounded by barbed wire, and there were many guards, but they started moving backwards in a long line. The only chance to hide was in the house. Their first attempt to escape to the camp's building failed, and the Germans started shooting at them. As the evening approached, the Germans became increasingly nervous, they argued among themselves and shouted "Schnell, schnell, schnell!" Theodore's father seized the opportunity, took the boy by the hand, and they ran into the house.They initially hid in the farthest corner of the house under the beds. However, the Germans entered the house and started shooting, probably under the beds where people were trying to hide, but the shots suddenly stopped. Theodore's father referred to it as the "German punctuality": they work only during the scheduled work hours. From the window, they saw a big light coming from the fire. Theodore's father discovered a wooden wall behind which was a room where about thirty prisoners, whom they joined, were hiding.

read on

Memories of Theodore Balberyszski

Klooga concentration camp was one of the first places in the world where the horrors of the Holocaust were documented. Soviet authorities brought selected foreign journalists, through whom the photos from Klooga reached Western countries.

The leadership of the Klooga camp left on the late evening of September 19, 1944, after the execution of the prisoners and the burning of the bodies, and were evacuated to Germany through the port of Paldiski. The camp's guard was lifted on the night of September 20, and the Estonian guard team departed.Most of the surviving Jews hid for several days in the camp's living blocks, afraid to venture outside during the daytime. The smell of burning bodies reached far, leading the first witnesses to the scene. Information about the mass murder spread among local residents and war refugees rushing to the Estonian western coast ahead of the front line. Many refugees carried this haunting memory into exile. The first Red Army troops arrived in Klooga on September 22, 1944. An emergency commission of the Estonian SSR was formed to investigate the events, led by Aleksander Jõeäär, the People's Commissar of the Court. The investigation into the Klooga mass murder began already in late September. There were plenty of pieces of evidence about what happened. Some bodies had not burned completely on the pyres.

read on

Discovery of the mass murder

Klooga oli Vaivara võrgustiku laagritest üks suuremaid ja tegutses neist kõige kauem, septembrist 1943 - 19. septembrini 1944. Klooga oli laagreist kõige kohutavaim. Erinevalt enamikust ülejäänud laagritest ei olnud Klooga laagril mingit sidet Ida-Eesti põlevkivitööstusega – Klooga vange rakendati esmajoones sõjamajanduslikult olulises puidu- ja betoonitööstuses. 1944. a. kevadtalvel paigutati Klooga laagri naabrusse eesti relva-SS-üksuste tagavara- ja väljaõpperügement. 1943. ja 1944. aasta talvel toodi Kloogale lisaks juutidele Leningradi oblastist rinde jalust evakueeritud ingerisoomlasi ja venelasi. Evakueeritud elasid eraldi sõjapõgenike laagrites, mis lisaks Kloogale olid ka teistes lähikonna asulates: Põllkülas, Laokülas ja Paldiskis.

klooga laager

"Ükskord loenduse ajal küsiti meilt, kas on teise laagrisse minna soovijaid. Minu vennal oli teooria, et mida rohkem vahetad kohti, seda enam on šanssi ellu jääda. Edasi liikuda - selles oli pääsemine. Seepärast avaldasime kolmekesi, isa, vend ja mina, soovi vabatahtlikult minna üle teise laagrisse. Siis me veel ei teadnud, et lehekülg "Klooga" ei ole meie jaoks veel lõppenud.Lagedi oli inimtühi paik metsade ja põldude keskel. Ja kuigi viibisime seal ainult kolm nädalat, jäi see koht meile meelde - siin lahkusime isast. Kui kohale jõudsime, ootas meid väravas sada laagri veterani. Nad rääkisid, et läbi selle laagri on käinud juba palju juudi vangide "vahetusi". Tõenäoliselt olid laagri ehitanud vangid. Lagedil pandi meid barakkidesse, kus ei olnud põrandaid, narisid ega lavatseid, magasime paljal maapinnal. Aga seal toideti paremini. Laagri piiride taga elas eestlasest SS-seersant oma perekonnaga. Tema maja õuel oli väliköök kateldega. Töötasin seal kütjana, minul ja minu paarilisel lubati ära süüa jäägid kateldest. Isa ja vend töötasid laagris."

lagedi laager

  • Laager allus Vaivara koonduslaagri komandantuuri staabile, mida juhtis Auschwitzi koonduslaagri kogemusega SS-Hauptsturmführer Hans Aumeier. Klooga kui harulaagri personali kuulusid SS-nooremohvitserist komandant koos kahe asetäitja ja kahe-kolme SS-lasega. Laagri komandandiks oli 1944. aastal selle likvideerimise eel SS-Untersturmführer Wilhelm Werle. Klooga laagri valvemeeskonna põhiosa moodustas eestlastest formeeritud 287. politseipataljoni 3. kompanii.
  • Kui Punaarmee oli 1944. aasta augustis Eestit Saksa vägedelt vallutamas, evakueeriti rohkem kui 3000 Vaivara koonduslaagri idapoolsetes harulaagrites olnud juuti Stutthofi koonduslaagrisse. Läände põgenev Vaivara koonduslaagri juhtkond koondus enne Paldiski sadama kaudu Eestist lahkumist Kloogale, kus korraldas viimaste kinnipeetavate massimõrva.

KLOOGA LAAGER

"Two hundred people were sent there. We moved on foot. The Estonian guards put the belongings on a cart and harnessed us to it. It was winter, and there was snow all around. We sank into the snow, it suffocated us, we slept submerged in snow. A hundred kilometers of agony. I was barely alive, as I was still weak after recovering from typhus. The lice were everywhere. I staggered along, constantly stopping. I knew that those who fell behind would be shot, but I could barely move forward. Nisan saw this. For the last few kilometers, he carried me in his arms. A savior. So we went: a day, a night, and another night until we finally reached our destination—the Kiviõli camp.My first job was to procure fuel. We went from the camp to the ash heaps and dug there. The fuel was transported in wagons. Israel Cipelewicz, the camp commander, was a Jew and a decent person who did everything in his power to alleviate our situation. The Germans killed him."

"Most of the prisoners in the camp were individuals without families, both men and women. Men were allowed to freely enter the women's barracks. There were many deportees from Vilnius, including people from all walks of life, including criminals. Some female prisoners longed for a male protector, but that wasn't the only reason. Criminals took advantage of the situation and treated female prisoners as mistresses. However, there were also genuine protectors."

kiviõli camp

Esimene mälestusüritus Kloogal oli massimõrva ohvrite matusetalitus 7. oktoobril 1944. Tapetute maised jäänused sängitati kahte kõrvuti asetsevasse ühishauda tuleriitade läheduses.Hauaplats ümbritseti kiviaiaga ning 1951. aastal püstitati sinna hauamonument, millel on kiri „Igavene mälestus fašismi ohvritele“. Hauamonumendile paigaldati tekstitahvlid, milles neeti kuritöö toimepanijaid, keda nimetati „fašistlikeks timukateks“ ja „Nõukogude rahva vaenlasteks“. Ohvreid nimetati „Nõukogude kodanikeks“.

matusetalitus

The rapid retreat of German forces from the Estonian mainland became known on September 17, 1944. A plan was devised for the evacuation of institutions and personnel located in Tallinn and Northwest Estonia through the ports of Tallinn and Paldiski over five days. Army units were to retreat southward towards Riga and to the western Estonian islands via the straits.On September 19, 1944, at 5 o'clock in the morning, all the inmates of Klooga were lined up as usual in front of the women's block for roll call. The camp commander, SS-Untersturmführer Werle, informed approximately 2000 prisoners in the camp that they would be evacuated to Germany. In reality, the ships were full, and the decision to murder the Jews had been made. The identity of those who made the decision to execute is still unknown. A couple of hours later, 300 physically stronger male prisoners were selected to prepare for the alleged evacuation. They were forced to carry large logs to a clearing in the forest about a kilometer away from the camp, where four pyres, each measuring 6x6.5 meters, were prepared for burning bodies.

THE MASS MURDER 19 SEPTEMBER 1944

  • Before World War II, there were approximately 4,400 Jews living in Estonia. By the order of the Soviet government, around 10,000 Estonian citizens and residents were deported from occupied Estonia to Siberia in June 1941, including about 400 Estonian Jews.
  • After the outbreak of war between Germany and the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, approximately 3,000 Jews evacuated from Estonia to the Soviet Union. By the end of the same year, all about 1,000 Jews who remained in the homeland were arrested by the German occupation authorities. The arrest, interrogation, and registration were carried out by the German security police and Estonian policemen under the command of the Security Police.
  • By the beginning of 1942, all the arrested Jews had been secretly executed by the order of the Security Police and the SD. Only a few managed to hide themselves until the end of the war. The report of Walter Stahlecker, the chief of the Security Police in Ostland responsible for the destruction of Jews in the Baltic states, on January 31, 1942, declared Estonia "free of Jews."

HOLOCAUST IN ESTONIA

Mälestuskivi Klooga koonduslaagris mõrvatud või surnud juutidele. Foto: Olev Liivik

Lorem ipsum

Täname:Eesti Juudi Muuseum (Gennadi Gramberg) Yad Vashem holokausti muuseum (Rocco Giansante)

To calm the prisoners, the daily routine was followed, and soup was provided to the waiting inmates on the parade ground at lunchtime. Meanwhile, the camp surveillance was intensified: the gates were blocked with trucks, and guards were seen bustling everywhere. In the afternoon, six stronger men were called out and ordered to load two barrels of fuel onto a truck, presumably to be poured over the bodies later. The mass murder began around 5 o'clock in the evening. The victims were escorted in groups of 50-100 people, first men, then women, from the camp to the clearing in the forest and ordered to lie face down on the pyre. They were shot in the back of the head. People lined up densely along the entire length of the pyre. Once the entire row was filled with corpses, a layer of logs, 0.75 meters high, was placed on top, forming three to four layers in total. Three of the constructed pyres were used, and the fourth remained unused. First, the men were shot, then the women. Anyone who attempted to flee was shot down in the forest. The bodies covered the entire pyre densely, and once the layer was filled with human bodies, logs were laid on top, forming a new surface. This process was repeated to create three to four layers. Of the prepared pyres, three were used, and the fourth was left unfinished. As darkness fell, the pyres were set ablaze.

read on

THE MASS MURDER 19 SEPTEMBER 1944

"I worked on pouring long, four-meter heavy concrete posts to reinforce the bunkers. Lifting such a post felt like your guts were about to burst inside you."

benjamin anolik 1926-2018

1941. aastal paigutasid saksa väed Theodore´i pere Vilniuse getosse. Geto likvideerimisel 1943. septembris lahutati Theodore ja ta isa (Mendel Balberyzszski) emast, õest ja vanaemast. Mehed viidi Eestisse, Klooga koonduslaagrisse. Kloogasse jõudes kästi neil kõik oma maine vara sakslastele anda, paljud üritasid oma asju peita, näiteks maha mattes. Theodore´i isa jättis ka natukene raha alles ja õnneks sakslased seda ei märganud, vastasel juhul oleks ta kohe maha lastud, vähemalt nii sakslased hoiatasid. Peale seda sattusid Theodore ja teised uustulnukad peale suurele üllatusele. Sakslased lubasid neil eemaldada kollased tähed rinnalt ja ütlesid: “Te ei ole enam juudid, te olete tavalised töölised”. Theodorele tundus, et nad on paradiisis, selline jutt oli uskumatu. Nelja päevaga oli see illusioon aga purustatud, nad ei olnud kindlasti paradiisis.

theodore balberyzszki 1931-2021

"Mõne päeva pärast viidi meid üle teise laagrisse- Viivikonda. Siin hoiti meid peaaegu kuu aega. Kleepuv mustus. Komandant oli sakslane, suurem osa valvureist aga eestlased.Kõigi Saksa koonduslaagrite õudusteks olid "kontrollimised" - piin, mis kestis kolm-neli tundi, iga päev varahommikul enne tööleminekut ja õhtul pärast töölt tulekut. Pidime seisma rivis, valvel ning käskluse peale peast ära võtma ja tagasi panema mütsi. Meid loeti üle ja vangide hulgast määratud vanem kandis sakslastele ette arvu. Karistuseks oli peks. Pekstav pidi kõva häälega lööke lugema. Mõnikord seoti vang puu külge ja jäeti tundideks külma kätte. Oli ka eriline piinariist, mida nimetasime "diivaniks" - lauatükk, mis pandi kätele ja jalgadele venitamiseks. Puhkepäevi oli üks kord kuus ja valvurid kasutasid neid vangide mõnitamiseks." Benjamin Anolik

Viivikonna laager

elementide tähendused/ meanings of interactive elements

pilt / image

nimekiri/ list

nformatsioon/ information

tsitaat/ quote

hoiatus/Warning

sisukord/Table of contents

pilt/ photo

pildi info/ image information

TAUSTAHELI/ BACKGROUND SOUND

pealeht/ main page

video

lisainfo/ additional information

küsimus/ question

asukoht/ location

HELI/ sound

The Holocaust refers to the systematic persecution and mass murder of European Jews carried out by Nazi Germany during World War II.

  • The Holocaust was based on the Nazi ideology, which proclaimed the Nordic Aryan race as the bearers of supreme values, embodied in its purest form by the German nation. Jews were seen as the opposite and eternal enemies of Aryans. Such an attitude justified their systematic discrimination and physical destruction based on ethnicity.
  • With the rise of the Nazis to power in Germany in 1933, the implementation of their ideology began.
  • The outbreak of World War II on September 1, 1939, led to the expansion of Nazi Germany's anti-Jewish policies into the territories of Eastern Europe with large Jewish populations.
  • In several countries, the anti-Jewish genocide evolved gradually: their assets were confiscated, they were segregated from the rest of the population and confined to ghettos, and finally sent to death camps established in the occupied territory of the General Government in Poland.

introduction

  • Klooga laagrisse toodi esimesed vangid 1943. aasta septembrist novembrini.
  • Umbes 2000 vangile kavandatud laagris püsis kinnipeetavate arv 1800–2100 piires, kuid vange paigutati Vaivara võrgustiku laagrite vahel pidevalt ümber.
  • Kokku käis Klooga laagrist läbi ligikaudu 3000 juuti, kellest enamik oli Vaivara koonduslaagrisse toodud Vilniuse ja Kaunase getodest, vähemal määral ka Lätist.
  • Laagris viibinud vangide hulgas oli rohkem naisi kui mehi.

KLOOGA LAAGER

The Jews were divided into columns of 100 people, with each column assigned a brigade leader by the Germans. The food in the camp was poor. Breakfast consisted of coffee, lunch was a liter of barley soup, and the daily ration included 350 grams of bread and margarine. Once a week, 25 grams of sugar or marmalade were provided. A 12-hour workday was unbearable for the malnourished inmates. Partly, they worked alongside paid Estonian laborers, which allowed the Jews to communicate with the local population. Thanks to this, it is known that, in several instances, local residents tried to help the Jews despite the hardships of wartime. They provided food and sought to establish contact between the prisoners and their relatives or acquaintances held elsewhere.

The prisoners' day began at 5 am with a roll call on the square in front of the women's block. The workday started at 6 am and lasted until 6 pm, with a one-hour lunch break.

living situation

The first memorial event in Klooga was the funeral service for the victims of the mass murder on October 7, 1944. The earthly remains of the deceased were laid to rest in two adjacent mass graves near the pyres. The burial site was surrounded by a stone wall, and in 1951, a monument was erected there with the inscription "Eternal memory to the victims of fascism." Plaques were placed on the monument condemning the perpetrators of the crime, referred to as "fascist henchmen" and "enemies of the Soviet people." The victims were referred to as "Soviet citizens."

Funeral service

  • In September 1942, 1943, and 1944, approximately 12,500 Jews were brought to Estonia from Germany and occupied territories. When the German forces left Estonia, about 100 Jews remained. Around 7,000-8,000 people died or were killed in Estonia. Approximately 4,600 prisoners were taken from Estonia to other camps, where many of them perished.
  • In 1942, the deportation of Jews to Estonia was the responsibility of the German Security Police. In September, a train with about 1,000 Jews arrived at Raasiku railway station from Theresienstadt ghetto in Czechoslovakia, followed soon after by another train of similar size from Germany, mainly from the Main area, Frankfurt, and Berlin. Around 400-500 younger Jews were separated from the arrivals and taken to camps managed by the Security Police, mostly to the Jägala camp near Tallinn. The remaining approximately 1,600 people were executed by Estonian policemen serving at the Kalevi-Liiva shooting range near the railway station on the days of the trains' arrival.
  • In total, 1,800-2,000 people were killed at Kalevi-Liiva. Among them were likely dozens of Estonian Roma. The Jägala camp was liquidated in 1943, and the prisoners were dispersed. Out of them, 74 people are known to have survived the war. In June 1944, about 300 men were directed to Tallinn from Drancy transit camp in France (so-called Convoy 73), out of which 34 survivors were evacuated to Stutthof concentration camp in present-day Poland in September of the same year.

HOLOCAUST IN ESTONIA

After properly burying the victims, which the survivors carried out, Theodore and his father tried to return to Lithuania as quickly as possible to inquire about the fate of their family members.Theodore and his father eventually reunited with their family. Their grandmother had been shot in Ponary because she was not deemed fit for work, but Theodore's mother and sister survived - they were living in Poland, from where the family had fled in 1939. The family lived together for a while in Poland and then in France, but Theodore's new life began in Australia. Later, he moved to Israel.

Life after the camp -theodore balberyszski

Erinevalt teistest Vaivara võrgustiku laagritest paiknes Klooga laager kivihoonetes, kus olid eraldi ruumid meestele ja naistele ning töötas veevärk. Laagri territooriumil oli ka haigla, kus töötasid vangidest arstid. See muutis kinnipeetavate elutingimused eriti talvel mõneti paremaks kui teistes laagrites, kus elati ajutistes barakkides. Nii levis võrgustiku teiste laagrite põlevkivikaevandustes ja ‑tööstuses töötavate vangide hulgas kuuldus Kloogast kui n-ö heast laagrist. Laagri territooriumil asusid ka saetööstus, betoonitehas ja töökojad. Viimastest umbes 200 meetri kaugusel paiknes eraldi barakk sõjavangidele, mis oli okastraadiga ümbritsetud. Organisatsiooni „Todt“ alluvuses töötasid kinnipeetavad saetööstuses või valmistasid mereväele betoonist veealuseid signaalmiine.

eluolu

  • The memorial for the victims of the Klooga mass murder was revealed in 1951, which reads "Eternal memory to the victims of fascism".
  • The Klooga concentration camp memorial was one of the first memorials to victims of fascism in Soviet Estonia.
  • Soviet media continued to discuss the Klooga mass murder for several years after the investigation ended, but for ideological reasons, it was never mentioned that it was a mass murder of Jews, but rather the killing of "Soviet citizens", even though victims came from even Germany and France.
  • Even on the plaque of the memorial, it is emphasized that these were citizens of the USSR and the perpetrators are enemies of the Soviet Union and "fascist henchmen". Throughout the Soviet occupation, memorial meetings were held at the Klooga memorial, where the Holocaust was not discussed. Relatives of Holocaust victims and survivors from Klooga were not invited or expected to attend commemorative events.

Mourning the victims

"We arrived in Estonia. The Germans had already established dozens of labor camps on this small land, where the prisoners were Jews. I visited six such camps." - Benjamin Anolik

There were over twenty concentration camps in Estonia. The following were likely outdoor camps:Auvere, Aseri, Ilinurme (either in Ilistvere, Venevere parish, or in Illuka with the same name), Ereda (together with a department in Kohtla). Goldfields (Kohtla oil shale plant), Hungerburg (Narva-Jõesuu), Vaivara (two camps: one near Vaivara railway station, the other about a mile from the station near the gasoline factory), Viivikonna, Jõhvi, Lagedi, Narva, Sonda, Soski (in Vasknarva parish), Putki (in Virumaa, Kose parish), Kunda, Kuremäe, Kiviõli, Kukruse, Saka, Klooga (together with a auxiliary camp in Laoküla, which existed only for a few weeks in the summer of 1944, and a work department in Paldiski). The concentration camps were under the jurisdiction of the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office D Group III Department, whose headquarters were in Oranienburg near Berlin. All camps enforced forced labor and slavery. Detainees were used in the oil shale industry, defense construction, forestry, quarries, pitch extraction, construction work in companies under the OT, road and railway construction, etc.

The network of camps in Estonia

"We were transferred from Viivikonna to Auvere. This camp was located near the former Russian border in a remote area amidst swamps where one could sink up to the neck. There was not enough drinking water. Sometimes water was heated for soup, but instead of cooking, it was used for washing oneself. Men and women washed together and had to stand naked in the cold afterward. Many couldn't bear it and died. We lived in a large barracks - three to four hundred inmates under one roof. The beds were triple-deckers. Our heads were shaved, leaving a "path for lice" from forehead to nape. This made it easier to catch escapees. Each of us had a number, written on a piece of cloth and sewn in two places - on the chest and on the knee. My number was 819. We were constantly hungry. I will never forget those days when my thoughts revolved around two things: what happened to my parents and where to get a piece of bread. I could see piles of bread and aromatic omelets in front of me. We worked in the forest felling. We had to build railroads: we laid down the tracks and put in the sleepers. Women worked alongside us. My brother and I tried to stay in the same group all the time. One day, the order came to liquidate the camp. And another transfer - this time to the Kiviõli camp." Benjamin Anolik

auvere camp

"Klooga laagri väljakule oli kogunenud üle kahe tuhande vangi. Nad jagati viiekümnest inimesest koosnevatesse gruppidesse, pandi põlvili ja kästi panna käed kukla taha. Olime teiste hulgas. Meie taga olid naised. Neil kästi samuti põlvitada. Sakslased viisid ühe grupi teise järel lähima metsatuka suunas. Kui inimesed olid metsa kadunud, kõlasid automaadilasud. Peast käis läbi mõte: “Meid hävitatakse samuti, ootame vaid oma järjekorda...Vangide seas kasvas ärevus. Selle hetkeni elasime vennaga üksmeeles: tema oli juht ja võttis vastu otsuseid. Vaatasin tema poole, ta ei reageerinud. Võtsin inistiatiivi enda kätte. "Nisan, põgeneme!" Eraldusime grupist, algul mina, siis vend ja meie järel veel viisteist inimest. Liikusime algul ebakindlalt, seejärel joostes. Jõudsime barakini. Näis, et sakslased jälitavad meid, et veel üks silmapilk ja kuuleme laskusid. Läksime maja viimasele korrusele, ronisime naridele ja katsime end patjadega. All kõlasid lasud, siis saabus vaikus. Kumisev vaikus. Kui mõne tunni pärast aknast välja piilusime, nägime metsast tõusvaid tuleleeke. Üks meie hulgast läks luurele. Tagasi tulnud, ütles ta, et hoones ja õuel on palju laipu. Üks vangidest, kes kandis erariideid, läks vaatama, mis toimub. Tagasi tulles hüüdis ta “Sakslased on läinud! Oli 24. september 1944.a ."

LOE EDASI

Benjamin Anoliku mälestused

USED LITERATURE Anolik, B. "Mälu missioon". - Tallinn 2005: Jeruusalemma Rahvusvahelise Kristliku Suursaatkonna Eesti Osakond Akadeemia: Eesti Kirjanike Liidu kuukiri Tartus, nr. 9, september 2019 - https://dea.digar.ee/article/AKakadeemia/2019/09/0/7 Balberyszski, T mälestused - https://klooga.nazismvictims.ee/malestused/ Klooga koonduslaager ja holokausti memoriaal -https://klooga.nazismvictims.ee/materjalid/massimorv-19-septembril-1944/ - SA Eesti Mälu Instituut Maripuu, M. Käsikiri "Klooga õiend esitamiseks" USED MATERIALS Photo and document collections Estonian Jewish Museum Yad Vashem. The World Holocaust Remembrance Center The National Archives of Estonia Estonian Histroy Museum archive Harju County Museum archive Software Genially

Kella nelja ajal võtsid saksa ohvitserid endaga kaasa umbes kolmkümmend inimest ja umbes viieteistkümne minuti pärast kuulsid nad laske. Nad said kohe aru, mis nendega juhtuma hakkab. Esimene mõte nende peas oli lootusetus. Klooga laager oli okastraadiga ümbritsetud ja valvureid oli palju, aga nad hakkasid pikas reas aina taha poole liikuma. Ainuke võimalus end peita oli majas. Nende esimene katse laagri majja põgeneda kukkus läbi ja sakslased hakkasid nende poole tulistama. Õhtu lähenedes muutusid sakslased aina närvilisemaks, nad vaidlesid omavahel ja karjusid “Schnell, schnell, schnell!”, Theodorei isa haaras võimalusest kinni, ta võttis poisilt käest ja nad jooksid majja. Nad peitsid end algul maja kaugeimas nurgas voodite all. Sakslased tulid aga majja sisse ja hakkasid tulistama, ilmsalt voodite alla, kus inimesed end peita üritasid, aga lasud lõppesid järsku. Theodorei isa nimetas seda “sakslaste punktuaalsuseks”: nad töötavad nii kaua, mis tööajas kirjas on. Aknast nägid nad suurt valgust, mis tuli tulekahjust. Theodorei isa avastas ühe puidust seina, mille taga oli ruum, kus peitsid end umbes kolmkümmend vangi, kes nad enda juurde võtsid.

LOE EDASI

Theodore Balberyzszki mälestused

"Neid, kes ellu jäid, ei olnud palju. Otsustasime aeg-ajalt kohtuda, valisime kohtumiste päevaks 19. septembri - sest 19. september 1944. a. oli Klooga vangide hukkamise päev."

"Suurem osa Klooga vange säilitas oma mälus traagiliste mälestuste kõrval ka kohtumispäeva Nõukogude sõduritega, oma vabanemispäeva. Minu albumis on neist päevist mõned fotod. Tahtsin väga kohtuda nende sõjameestega, kes tulid esimestena Kloogale. Lõime nendega sidemed, mitte küll regulaarsed. Lõpuks kinkis saatus mulle kohtumise ühega neist Iisraelis." Peale vabanemist asusid B. Anolik ja ta vend elama enda onu ja tädi juurde Vilniusesse. Seal elasid nad kuni 1945. aastani- siis kolisid nad Poola. 1949. aastal asus ta elama Iisraeli ja oli üks kibutsi Lohamei Hagetaot (Getovõitlejate kibuts) asutajatest- see kibuts on väga hästi tuntud kogu Iisraelis, sest sinna on rajatud ainulaadne muuseum- Getovõitlejate Kodu. See muuseum, nagu ka memoriaalmuuseum Yad Vashem Jeruusalemmas, kogub ja uurib materjale Teises maailmasõjas massiliselt tapetud juutide kohta.

Elu peale laagrit- Benjamin Anolik

read on

"The square of Klooga camp was filled with over two thousand prisoners. They were divided into groups of fifty, made to kneel, and ordered to put their hands behind their heads. We were among them. Behind us were the women. They too were told to kneel. The Germans led one group after another towards the nearest patch of forest. When people had vanished into the woods, the sound of machine gun shots rang out. The thought flashed through my mind: 'We're next in line for destruction... we're just waiting our turn.' Anxiety spread among the prisoners. Until then, my brother and I had been in agreement: he was the leader and made decisions. I looked at him, but he didn't react. I took the initiative into my own hands. 'Nisan, let's escape!' We separated from the group, first me, then my brother, and behind us fifteen more people. We moved at first hesitantly, then running. We reached the barracks. It seemed that the Germans were chasing us, that another moment and we would hear shots. We went to the top floor of the house, climbed onto the bunks, and covered ourselves with pillows. Below, there were shots, then silence came. Eerie silence." "When we looked out the window a few hours later, we saw flames rising from the forest. One of us went to reconnoiter. When he returned, he said that there were many corpses in the building and yard. One of the prisoners, who was wearing civilian clothes, went to see what was happening. When he came back, he shouted, 'The Germans are gone! It was September 24, 1944."

Memories of Benjamin Anolik

  1. Holokaust Eestis
  2. Koonduslaagrite võrgustik Eestis
  3. Klooga laager
  4. Elu Klooga laagris
  5. Laagri viimane päev
  6. Elu peale laagrit
  7. Statistika
  8. Ohvrite mälestamine
  9. Klooga pärand tänapäeval
  10. Kasutatud allikad

sisukord

  1. The holocaust in Estonia
  2. The network of concentration camps in Estonia
  3. The Klooga camp
  4. Life in Klooga camp
  5. Last day in the camp
  6. Life after the camp
  7. Statistics
  8. Mourning the victims
  9. The legacy of Klooga today
  10. Sources

Table of contents

Peale ohvrite korralikku matmist, mida ellujääjad läbi viisid, üritasid Theodore ja ta isa võimalikult kiiresti tagasi Leetu minna ja uurida oma pereliikmete saatuse kohta.Theodore ja ta isa taaskohtusid lõpuks ka oma perega. Vanaema oli maha lastud Ponaris, kuna ta ei olnud piisavalt töövõimeline, aga Theodorei ema ja õde jäid ellu- nad elasid Poolas, kust pere 1939. aastal põgenes. Pere elas koos natuke aega Poolas ja siis Prantsusmaal, aga Theodorei uus elu algas Austraalias.Hiljem läks ta Iisraeli.

elu peale laagrit - theodore balberyzszki

Vangide rahustamiseks järgiti päevarutiini ja lõuna ajal anti riviplatsil ootavatele vangidele suppi. Vahepeal oli tugevdatud laagri valvet: väravad blokeeriti veoautodega ja kõikjal oli märgata sagivaid valvureid. Pärastlõunal kutsuti välja kuus tugevamat meest, kellel kästi veoautole laadida kaks vaati kütust, millega laibad hiljem arvatavasti üle kallati. Massimõrv algas kella 5 paiku õhtul. Ohvrid konvoeeriti 50–100 inimese kaupa, esmalt mehed, siis naised, laagrist metsalagendikule ja käsutati tuleriidale kõhuli. Nad tapeti laskudega kuklasse. Inimesed asetusid tiheda reana kogu tuleriida ulatuses. Kui kogu rida oli täidetud laipadega, asetati nende peale 0,75 m halgude rida, mille tulemusena moodustas uus pind, kokku moodustus kolm-neli kihti. Ehitatud tuleriitadest kasutati ära kolm, neljas jäi kasutamata. Esmalt lasti maha mehed, siis naised. Kes põgeneda püüdis, langes kuulidest metsa all. Laibad katsid tihedalt kogu tuleriida ja kui kogu kiht oli inimkehadega täidetud, laoti nende peale halud, millest moodustus uus aluspind. Nii kuhjati kokku kolm-neli kihti. Ettevalmistatud tuleriitadest kasutati ära kolm, neljas jäi lõpetamata. Pimeduse saabudes süüdati riidad põlema.

LOE EDASI

massimõrv 19. septembril 1944

"Viivikonnast viidi meid edasi Auveresse. See laager asus endise vene piiri lähedal üksikus kohas soode keskel, millesse võis kaelani sisse vajuda. Joogivett ei jätkunud. Juhtus, et vett soojendati supi jaoks, aga toiduvalmistamise asemel pesti ennast sellega. Mehed ja naised pesid koos ja pidid pärast paljalt külma käes seisma. Paljud ei kannatanud seda välja ja surid. Elasime suures barakis - kolm-nelisada vangi ühe katuse all. Narid olid kolmekordsed. Meil aeti pead paljaks, laubalt kuklani jäeti "rajad täide jaoks". Nii oli kergem tabada põgenikku. Igaühel meist oli number, mis oli kirjutatud riidetükile ja õmmeldud kahte kohta- rinnale ja põlve kohale. Minu number oli 819. Nälgisime pidevalt. Elu lõpuni ei unusta ma neid päevi, mil mõte keerles kogu aeg kahe asja ümber: mis on saanud vanematest ja kust hankida tükk leiba. Silme ees seisid saiade virnad ja aromaatsed omletid. Töötasime metsa langetamisel. Tuli ehitada raudteed: rajasime raudteetammi ja panime liipreid. Koos meiega töötasid ka naised. Püüdsime vennaga kogu aeg ühes grupis olla. Ühel päeval tuli käsk laager likvideerida. Ja järjekordne üleviimine - seekord Kiviõli laagrisse."Benjamin Anolik

auvere laager

  • 1951. aastal avati Klooga massimõrva ohvritele mälestusmärk, millel on kirjas “Igavene mälestus fašismi ohvritele”.
  • Klooga koonduslaagri hauamonument oli üks esimesi fašismiohvrite mälestusmärke Nõukogude Eestis.
  • Nõukogude ajakirjandus rääkis Klooga massimõrvast veel mitmeid aastaid peale uurimise lõpetamist, aga ideoloogilistel põhjustel ei mainitud kunagi, et tegu oli juutide massimõrvaga, vaid “Nõukogude Liidu kodanike” tapmisega, olugi, et ohvreid oli pärit ka Saksamaalt ja Prantsusmaalt.
  • Ka hauamonumendi tekstitahvlil toonitatakse, et tegu oli NSVL-i kodanikega ja teo toimepanijad on Nõukogude Liidu vaenlased ja “fašistlikud timukad”. Läbi nõukogude okupatsiooni peeti Klooga mälestusmärgi juurest mitmeid mälestusmiitinguid, kus holokaustist ei räägitud. Holokausti ohvrite sugulasi ja Kloogalt eluga pääsenuid mälestusüritustele ei kutsutud ega oodatudki.

Ohvrite mälestamine

Holokaustiks nimetatakse Euroopa juutide süstemaatilist tagakiusamist ja massimõrvu, mille pani toime Natsi-Saksamaa teise maailmasõja ajal.

  • Holokausti aluseks oli natsionaalsotsialistlik ideoloogia, mis kuulutas ülimate väärtuste kandjaks põhjamaise aarja rassi, keda ehedal kujul kehastas saksa rahvus. Juutides nähti aarjalaste vastandit ja igavest vaenlast. Selline suhtumine õigustas nende süstemaatilist diskrimineerimist ja füüsilist hävitamist rahvustunnuse alusel.
  • Natsionaalsotsialistide võimuletulekuga Saksamaal 1933. aastal algas ka nende ideoloogia ellurakendamine.
  • Teise maailmasõja puhkemine 1. septembril 1939. aastal tõi kaasa Natsi-Saksamaa juudivastase poliitika laiendamise suure juudi elanikkonnaga maadesse vallutatavas Ida-Euroopas.
  • Mitmel maal arenes juudivastane genotsiid samm-sammult: sundvõõrandati nende varad, nad eraldati ülejäänud elanikkonnast ja suleti getodesse ning saadeti lõpuks surmalaagritesse, mis rajati Kindralkubermangu – okupeeritud Poola territooriumile.

SISSEJUHATUS

"A few days later, we were transferred to another camp - Viivikonna. We were held here for almost a month. Sticky dirt. The commander was German, but most of the guards were Estonians.The horrors of all German concentration camps were the "checks" torture, which lasted three to four hours, every day in the early morning before going to work and in the evening after returning from work. We had to stand in line, on guard, and upon command, take off and put back on our hats. We were counted, and the appointed elder among the prisoners reported the number to the Germans. Punishment was beatings. The person being beaten had to count the blows out loud. Sometimes a prisoner was tied to a tree and left in the cold for hours. There was also a special torture device we called the "sofa" - a piece of wood used for stretching the arms and legs. There was one rest day a month, and the guards used it to humiliate the prisoners." Benjamin Anolik

Viivikonna camp

"Those who survived were few. We decided to occasionally meet, choosing the 19th of September as the day for our meetings - because September 19th, 1944, was the day of the execution of Klooga prisoners."

"Alongside the tragic memories, most Klooga survivors also retained in their memory the day they met the Soviet soldiers, their day of liberation. In my album, there are some photos from those days. I really wanted to meet those soldiers who came first to Klooga. We established connections with them, although not regular. In the end, fate granted me a meeting with one of them in Israel." After their liberation, B. Anolik and his brother went to live with their uncle and aunt in Vilnius. They lived there until 1945 when they moved to Poland. In 1949, he moved to Israel and was one of the founders of Kibbutz Lohamei Hagetaot (Ghetto Fighters' Kibbutz) - a kibbutz well-known throughout Israel, as it houses a unique museum, the Ghetto Fighters' House. This museum, along with the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial Museum in Jerusalem, collects and researches materials about the Jews who were mass-murdered during World War II.

life after the camp - Benjamin Anolik

Vaivara oli laialipaigutamise ja edasisaatmise laager, seal asus komandantuuri staap.Alates 1943. aasta augustist veeti hulk juute Vaivara koonduslaagrisse ja jaotati selle paarikümne harulaagri vahel. Vaivara koonduslaager tegutses 1944. a. septembrini ja allus SSi Majanduse ja Halduse Peaametile (SS Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt) Berliinis. Enamik umbes 10 000 Vaivara koonduslaagri vangist olid sunnitööl Ida-Eesti põlevkivitööstuses. Suurem osa neist veeti Eestisse 1943. aastal Leedu ja ka Läti getodest, 1944. aastal vähemal määral ka Ungari aladelt.

LOE EDASI

vaivara laager

  • Near the Klooga camp, there was the Estonian 20th SS Division's training and reserve regiment. Led by Sturmbannführer Georg Ahlemann, this unit left Klooga on September 20-21 and evacuated from Estonia to Germany via Paldiski on September 21 (over 2000 men, about half of the regiment's strength).
  • During the evacuation, there was a conflict between Estonian soldiers and regiment commander Ahlemann (according to Ahlemann, this was due to the soldiers' reluctance to leave their homeland, emphasizing that they were not involved in the massacre). Ultimately, the remaining Estonian soldiers decided to stay in their homeland or leave Estonia on their own. Therefore, most of the regiment's personnel were near the Klooga camp at the time of the massacre and were likely aware of it in some way.
  • Estonian guards (and some men from the training regiment) were involved in the massacre as guards/escorts, but there is no evidence or clear indications that they were directly involved in the shootings/executions.
  • According to the prevailing opinion, the prisoners were executed by a unit specifically brought in for this purpose, consisting partly of German officers who had also served in the Estonian 20th SS Division's training and reserve regiment.

The Possible Involvement of Estonians in the Klooga Massacre

"Saabusime Eestisse. Sakslased olid sellele väiksele maale teinud juba kümneid töölaagreid, kus vangideks olid juudid. Mina käisin läbi kuuest sellisest laagrist." Benjamin Anolik

Eestis oli üle kahekümne koonduslaagri, siin olid tõenäoliselt järgmised välilaagrid: Auvere, Aseri, Ilinurme (kas Ilistvere Venevere vallas või Illuka samanimelises vallas), Ereda (koos osakonnaga Kohtlas), Goldfields (Kohtla põlevkiviõli tehas), Hungerburg (Narva-Jõesuu), Vaivara (kaks laagrit: üks Vaivara raudteejaama lähedal, teine viie kilomeetri kaugusel raudteejaamast bensiinivabriku lähedal), Viivikonna, Jõhvi, Lagedi, Narva, Sonda, Soski (Vasknarva vallas), Putki (Virumaal Kose vallas), Kunda, Kuremäe, Kiviõli, Kukruse, Saka, Klooga (koos abilaagriga Laokülas, mis eksisteeris ainult mõned nädalad 1944. a suvel, ja tööosakonnaga Paldiskis). Koonduslaagrid allusid SSi Majanduse ja Halduse Peaameti D-grupi III osakonna ülemale, kelle staap oli Oranienburgis Berliini lähedal. Kõigis laagrites rakendati sunni- ja orjatööd. Vahialuseid kasutati põlevkivitööstuses, kaitseehitustel, metsatöödel, kivimurdudes, pigi ajamisel, ehitustöödel OT alluvuses olevates firmades, teede ja raudtee ehitusel jne.

laagrite võrgustik Eestis

  • Eestisse toodi Saksamaalt ja okupeeritud maadest 1942. aasta septembris ning 1943. ja 1944. aastal umbes 12 500 juuti. Saksa vägede lahkudes jäi Eestisse umbes 100 juuti. Eestis suri või hukati 7000–8000 inimest. Ligikaudu 4600 vangi viidi Eestist ära teistesse laagritesse, kus suur osa neist hukkus.
  • 1942. aastal Eestisse deporteeritute eest vastutas Saksa julgeolekupolitsei. Septembris saabus Raasiku raudteejaama ešelon umbes 1000 juudiga Tšehhimaalt Terezíni (Theresienstadt) getost ning peagi teine sama suur ešelon Saksamaalt Maini-äärse Frankfurdi ja Berliini juutidega. Saabunutest eraldati 400–500 nooremat juuti julgeolekupolitsei hallatavatesse laagritesse, enamasti Jägala laagrisse Tallinna lähedal. Ülejäänud umbes 1600 inimest hukati ešelonide saabumise päevadel raudteejaama lähedal Kalevi-Liiva polügoonil laagris teeninud eestlastest politseinike osalusel.
  • Kokku hukati Kalevi-Liival 1800–2000 inimest. Lisaks juutidele oli nende seas tõenäoliselt ka kümneid Eesti mustlasi. Jägala laager likvideeriti 1943. aastal ja vangid jaotati laiali. Neist elas sõja üle teadaolevalt 74 inimest. 1944. aasta juunis suunati Tallinnasse Prantsusmaalt Drancy transiitlaagrist (nn „Convoy 73”) veel umbes 300 meest, kellest 34 ellujäänut evakueeriti sama aasta septembris Stutthofi koonduslaagrisse tänapäeva Poola territooriumil.

HOLOKAUST EESTIS

Vaivara was a transit and forwarding camp, with its headquarters located there. From August 1943, a large number of Jews were transported to the Vaivara concentration camp and distributed among its several dozen sub-camps.The Vaivara concentration camp operated until September 1944 and was subordinate to the SS Economic and Administrative Main Office (SS Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt) in Berlin. Most of the approximately 10,000 inmates of the Vaivara concentration camp were forced to work in the East Estonian oil shale industry. The majority of them were transported to Estonia in 1943 from the ghettos of Lithuania and also to a lesser extent from Latvia, and in 1944 to a lesser extent from areas in Hungary.

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vaivara camp

KASUTATUD KIRJANDUS Anolik, B. "Mälu missioon". - Tallinn 2005: Jeruusalemma Rahvusvahelise Kristliku Suursaatkonna Eesti Osakond Akadeemia: Eesti Kirjanike Liidu kuukiri Tartus, nr. 9, september 2019 - https://dea.digar.ee/article/AKakadeemia/2019/09/0/7 Balberyszski, T mälestused - https://klooga.nazismvictims.ee/malestused/ Klooga koonduslaager ja holokausti memoriaal -https://klooga.nazismvictims.ee/materjalid/massimorv-19-septembril-1944/ - SA Eesti Mälu Instituut Maripuu, M. Käsikiri "Klooga õiend esitamiseks" KASUTATUD MATERJALID Foto- ja dokumendikogud Eesti Juudi muuseum Yad Vashem holokausti muuseum Eesti Rahvusarhiiv Eesti Ajaloomuuseumi arhiiv Harjumaa Muuseumi arhiiv Tarkvara Genially

  • The camp was subordinate to the Vaivara concentration camp headquarters, led by SS-Hauptsturmführer Hans Aumeier, who had experience from Auschwitz concentration camp. The personnel of Klooga as a sub-camp included a SS junior officer as commander along with two deputies and two to three other SS officers. In 1944, prior to the camp's liquidation, the camp commander was SS-Untersturmführer Wilhelm Werle. The main part of the guard team at Klooga consisted of the 3rd Company of the 287th Police Battalion, composed of Estonians.
  • As the Red Army was advancing and occupying Estonia in August 1944, more than 3000 Jews from the eastern branch camps of the Vaivara concentration camp were evacuated to the Stutthof concentration camp. The leadership of the Vaivara concentration camp, fleeing westward, gathered at Klooga before leaving Estonia via the port of Paldiski. There, they organized the mass murder of the remaining detainees.

KLOOGA CAMP

  • Klooga camp received its first prisoners from September to November 1943.
  • Although the camp was planned for about 2000 prisoners, the number of detainees remained between 1800 and 2100, but prisoners were constantly moved between the Vaivara network of camps.
  • In total, approximately 3000 Jews passed through Klooga camp, most of whom were brought from the Vilnius and Kaunas ghettos to the Vaivara concentration camp network, with a smaller number also from Latvia.
  • There were more women than men among the inmates of the camp.

KLOOGA CAMP

  • Enne Teist maailmasõda elas Eestis ligikaudu 4400 juuti. NSV Liidu valitsuse korraldusel küüditati okupeeritud Eestist umbes 10,000 Eesti kodaniku ja elaniku seas 1941. aasta juunis Siberisse ka umbes 400 Eesti juuti.
  • Pärast Saksamaa ja NSV Liidu vahelise sõja puhkemist 1941. aasta suvel evakueerus Eestist NSV Liitu ligikaudu 3000 juuti. Sama aasta lõpuks arreteeriti Saksa okupatsioonivõimude korraldusel kõik umbes 1000 kodumaale jäänud juuti. Arreteerimise, ülekuulamise ja registreerimise viisid läbi Saksa julgeolekupolitsei ja SD alluvuses tegutsenud eestlastest politseinikud.
  • 1942. aasta alguseks olid kõik kinnivõetud juudid julgeolekupolitsei ja SD korraldusel salaja hukatud. Ainult üksikutel õnnestus end varjata sõja lõpuni. Balti riikides juutide hävitamise eest vastutanud Ostlandi julgeolekupolitsei ülema Walter Stahleckeri 31. jaanuari 1942. a. ettekanne kuulutas Eesti „juudivabaks”.

HOLOKAUST EESTIS

In 1941, German forces placed Theodore's family in the Vilnius Ghetto. During the liquidation of the ghetto in September 1943, Theodore and his father (Mendel Balberyzszski) were separated from their mother, sister, and grandmother. The men were taken to Estonia, to the Klooga concentration camp. Upon arriving in Klooga, they were ordered to surrender all their worldly possessions to the Germans. Many tried to hide their belongings, for example, by burying them. Theodore's father also kept a small amount of money hidden, and fortunately, the Germans did not notice it; otherwise, he would have been shot on the spot, at least that's what the Germans warned. After that, Theodore and the other newcomers encountered a big surprise. The Germans allowed them to remove the yellow stars from their chests and said, "You are no longer Jews, you are ordinary workers." Theodore felt like they were in paradise; such talk was unbelievable. However, within four days, this illusion was shattered; they were definitely not in paradise.

theodore balberyzszki 1931-2021

Thank you:Estonian Jewish Museum (Gennadi Gramberg) Yad Vashem. The World Holocaust Remembrance Center (Rocco Giansante)

  • Klooga laagri vahetus läheduses tegutses Eesti 20. SS-Diviisi väljaõppe ja tagavararügement. See üksus lahkus Sturmbannfürer Georg Ahlemanni juhtimisel Kloogalt 20.- 21. septembril ning evakueerusid 21. septembril Paldiski kaudu Eestist Saksamaale (evakueerus üle 2000 mehe, kes moodustasid umbes poole rügemendi koosseisust).
  • Evakueerimise käigus oli puhkenud konflikt eestlastest sõjaväelaste ja rügemendiülema Ahlemanni vahel (Ahlemanni sõnul oli selle põhjuseks sõjaväelaste soovimatus kodumaalt lahkuda ning rõhutas, et neid polnud massimõrva toimepanekusse kaasatud) ning kokkuvõttes otsustasid ülejäänud eesti sõdurid jääda kodumaale või lahkuda Eestist omal käel. Seega viibis suurem osa rügemendi koosseisust ka massimõrva toimumise ajal Klooga laagri vahetus läheduses ning pidi sellest tõenäoliselt ühel või teisel moel teadlik olema.
  • Eestlastest valvurid (ja osa väljaõpperügemendi mehi) olid massimõrvaga mingis positsioonis seotud valvuritena/konvoina, kuid ei ole mingeid tõendeid või vähegi selgemaid vihjeid, et nad oleksid olnud vahetult mahalaskjad/hukkajad.
  • Üldlevinud arvamuse kohaselt hukkasid vangid selle jaoks spetsiaalselt kohale toodud sakslastest koosnev üksus. Osa sellest üksusest moodustas ka Eesti 20. SS-Diviisi väljaõppe ja tagavararügemendis teeninud saklastest ohvitserid.

eestlaste võimalik seotus Klooga massimõrvaga

Unlike other camps in the Vaivara network, the Klooga camp was located in stone buildings, with separate rooms for men and women, and had running water. The camp also had a hospital staffed by prisoner doctors, which somewhat improved living conditions for detainees, especially in winter, compared to other camps where they lived in temporary barracks. Thus, rumors spread among the prisoners working in the network's oil shale mines and industries about Klooga being a "good camp." On the camp's premises, there were also a sawmill, a concrete factory, and workshops. About 200 meters away from these, there was a separate barracks surrounded by barbed wire for military prisoners. Under the organization "Todt", detainees worked in the sawmill or manufactured underwater signaling mines from concrete for the navy.

LIVING SITUATION

Hoiatus! Näitus on sobilik alates 12. eluaastast! Warning! The exhibition is suitable from the age of 12!

Lorem ipsum

Käesolev virtuaalnäitus on koostatud Tallinna Ülikooli üliõpilaste poolt üleülikoolilise ELU projekti raames. Projekti eesmärk on pühendada näitus Klooga laagri massimõrva ohvrite mälestamisele ja austamisele ning suurendada teadlikkust Klooga laagri massimõrva ohvritest, mälestades neid kaasaegse ja juurdepääsetava platvormi kaudu. Virtuaalnäitus pakub võimalust tutvuda sügavamalt traagilise ajaloo sündmustega, pakkudes samas interaktiivset keskkonda, mis võimaldab kasutajatel sukelduda ellujäänute (kasutatud on kolme ellujäänu - Benjamin Anolik, Theodore ja Mendel Balberyzszski - meenutusi) lugudesse ja saada ülevaade toimunust. Näituse läbimiseks kulub keskmiselt ligikaudu 30 minutit.

EN

Klooga koonduslaager oli üks esimesi paiku maailmas, kus dokumenteeriti holokausti õudused. Nõukogude võimud tõid kohale väljavalitud välisajakirjanikud, kelle vahendusel jõudsid fotod Kloogalt lääneriikidesse.

Klooga laagri juhtkond lahkus 1944. aasta 19. septembri hilisõhtul pärast vangide hukkamist ja laipade süütamist ning evakueeriti Paldiski sadama kaudu Saksamaale. Laagri valve võeti maha 20. septembri öösel ja eestlastest valvemeeskond lahkus. Enamik hukkamisest pääsenud juute varjas end mitu päeva laagri elamublokis, julgemata päevasel ajal väljas liikuda. Laipade põletamise lehk ulatus kaugele ja juhatas sündmuskohale esimesed tunnistajad. Kohalike elanike ja rinde ees Eesti läänerannikule kiirustavate sõjapõgenike hulgas levis info toimunud massimõrvast. Paljud sõjapõgenikud võtsid selle painava mälestuse pagulusse kaasa. Esimesed punaarmeelased jõudsid Kloogale 22. septembril 1944. Toimunu uurimiseks moodustati Eesti NSV erakorraline komisjon eesotsas kohtu rahvakomissari Aleksander Jõeäärega. Juurdlust Klooga massimõrva asjus alustati juba septembri lõpus. Asitõendeid toimunu kohta leidus hulgaliselt. Osa laipu oli jäänud tuleriitadel põlemata.

LOE EDASI

massimõrva avastamine

Monument in Klooga concentration camp for murdered or deceased Jews. Photo: Olev Liivik

“Ma töötasin pikkade, neljameetriste raskete betoonpostide valamisel punkrite tugevdamiseks. Sellist posti tõstes tundsid, nagu rebeneksid soolikad su sees.”

benjamin anolik 1926-2018

  • For the first time, a group of former Klooga concentration camp prisoners visited the memorial site in May 1989, in Israel. Discussions began about the need to erect a Holocaust memorial in Klooga because the monument completed in 1951 primarily conveyed a Soviet ideological message and did not commemorate the Holocaust victims.
  • In 1994, after the restoration of the Republic of Estonia's independence, at the request of the Estonian Jewish community, the memorial plaques on the grave monument were replaced with new ones, establishing justice regarding the victims' nationality. Also, the pentagon that had previously sat atop the monument was removed and replaced with the Star of David since 2013.
  • On the eve of the 50th anniversary of the Klooga massacre, a memorial was unveiled about a hundred meters from the existing grave monument, commemorating the Jews murdered in Estonia between 1941 and 1944. This marked the first Holocaust memorial erected in Estonia. In 2005, a third memorial was erected in Klooga, commemorating the Jews murdered or deceased in the Klooga concentration camp. The memorial stone is located about two hundred meters south of the Holocaust victims' grave monument.

Mourning the victims

  • Esmakordselt külastas grupp Iisraelis elanud endisi Klooga koonduslaagri vange mälestuspaika 1989. aasta mais. Hakati rääkima holokaustiohvrite mälestusmärgi püstitamise vajadusest Kloogale, sest 1951. aastal valminud monument kandis eelkõige sovetliku ideoloogia sõnumit ega mälestanud holokausti ohvreid.
  • 1994. aastal, pärast Eesti Vabariigi iseseisvuse taastamist, asendati Eesti juudi kogukonna palvel hauamonumendi mälestustahvlid uutega, millega seati jalule õiglus ohvrite rahvuse osas. Samuti eemaldati samba tipus trooninud viisnurk, mille asemel on 2013. aastast Taaveti täht.
  • Klooga massimõrva 50. aastapäeva künnisel avati olemasolevast hauamonumendist umbes saja meetri kaugusel mälestusmärk aastatel 1941–1944 Eestis mõrvatud juutidele. Tegemist on esimese Eestis püstitatud holokausti mälestusmärgiga. 2005. aastal pandi Kloogale kolmas mälestusmärk, millega meenutatakse Klooga koonduslaagris mõrvatud või surnud juute. Mälestuskivi paikneb holokaustiohvrite hauamonumendist umbes paarsada meetrit lõuna pool.

ohvrite mälestamine

Benjamin Anolik was born in 1926 in Lithuania. When he was 15 years old, the Nazis occupied his hometown of Vilno (Vilnius). Benjamin's parents perished in the war, and he also lost his relatives and friends. His youth was spent in the ghetto and Nazi concentration camps, including six camps in Estonia. Miraculously, Benjamin managed to survive, including his time in Klooga camp. In Klooga concentration camp, his entire family was killed.

benjamin anolik 1926-2018