01
Language Learning Theories
Engracia María Tomé Briz Gloria Guillot Alarcón Marina García Gasent Aida Casbas Davesa
Start
Theories
Behaviourism Cognitivism Connectionism Processability Theory Second Language Acquisition
Next
Behaviourism
Main proponents: Pavlov, Watson and Skinner
-Powerful influence on second and foreign language teaching during the 1940s and 1970s
-All behaviours are acquired through cnnditioning Conditioning occurs with interaction with the environment
Skinner operant conditioning
-Activities emphasize mimicry and memorization
Linked to the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis
Positive Reinforcement - offering rewards or incentives to strengthen desired behaviors. -verbal praise, stickers, tokens, or other tangible rewards.. Benefits: :
• It encourages students to repeat desirable behaviors and achieve their goals. • It boosts students’ self-esteem and confidence. • It fosters a positive and nurturing learning atmosphere. Negative Reinforcement - Removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior to increase its frequency. For example, a teacher can reduce the amount of homework for a student who performs we Benefits: • It helps students avoid or escape from unpleasant or aversive situations. • It increases students’ motivation and persistence. • It reduces students’ anxiety and stress • Behaviourist teaching strategies • Direct Instruction: This method involves clear and structured teaching, with a focus on repetition and practice. • Token Economy: In a token economy system, students earn tokens or points for exhibiting appropriate behavior. • Time-Out: Removal of a student from a reinforcing environment due to disruptive behavior. • Task Analysis: Complex tasks can be broken down into smaller, manageable steps.
CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS HYPOTHESIS
Set of procedures for comparing and contrasting the linguistic systems of two languages in order to identify their structural similarities and differences” (Ellis 1994:698). -Interlanguage errors -Language transfer -Communicative skills -Learner´s interlanguage creative mistakes
Cognitivism
The cognitive theory focuses on the internal mental processes involved in learning, such as attention, memory, and thinking. It emphasizes the importance of understanding how individuals process, encode, and organize information.
This theory suggests that learning is an active, constructive process where learners actively engage with the material, make connections, and create meaning.
Cognitive theorists emphasize the role of prior knowledge, problem-solving strategies, and metacognitive skills in learning. They also study how different factors, such as motivation and individual differences, influence cognitive processes and learning outcomes. Overall, cognitive theory provides insights into how the mind works and how learning can be enhanced through effective instructional strategies that support cognitive processes.
Connectionism
Connectionism, also known as neural network theory, is a theoretical framework in cognitive science that models mental processes using interconnected networks of simple processing units, or artificial neurons. These networks are inspired by the structure and function of biological neural networks in the brain.
In connectionist models, information is processed through the interaction of nodes (neurons) connected by weighted links. Learning occurs through the adjustment of these connection weights based on experience, allowing the network to adapt and improve its performance over time. Connectionist models are often used to simulate cognitive processes such as learning, memory, and perception. They have been applied to various domains, including pattern recognition, language processing, and cognitive development.
One of the key principles of connectionism is the distributed representation of information, where knowledge is encoded across multiple nodes in the network rather than localized in specific units. This distributed nature allows connectionist models to exhibit graceful degradation, where performance gradually declines with damage to the network rather than catastrophic failure. Overall, connectionism provides a powerful framework for understanding complex cognitive phenomena and has contributed significantly to our understanding of how the brain processes information and performs cognitive task
Processability Theory
Next
Definition
Processability theory (PT) is a cognitive analysis of second language acquisition that tries to explain developmental timelines as well as the learner's own variation during the process.
Manfred Pienemann
Next
Students have to be able to achieve a cerain level of processing ability in the second language before they can use the knowledge of traits that they have already acquired in their mother tongue.
Next
“Learners are limited in their production of words of formulaic expressions” (Pienemann, 1998, as cited in Bonilla, 2015).
Canonical order (SVO) – Acquisition of individual words.
5 Stages of learning
“At this stage of development, learners begin to produce strings based on canonical word order” (Pienemann, 1998, as cited in Bonilla, 2015).
Adverb processing (ADV) – Access to grammatical structures
“Learners are be able to place prepositional phrases, wh-words or adverbs before canonical word order” (Pienemann, 1998, as cited in Bonilla, 2015).
Verb separation (SEP) – Prasal, or word assembly, procedure
“Learners can exchange information across constituent boundaries, such as phrasal verbs and noun clauses” (Pienemann, 1998, as cited in Bonilla, 2015).
Inversion (INV) The S- Procedure
“At the final stage of development, the learner can distinguish between subordinate and main clauses, and can also make use of them” (Pienemann, 1998, as cited in Bonilla, 2015).
X + 4 – Verb-end (V-END) – The subordinate clause procedure.
Next
CONCLUSION
Processability Theory focuses on the learner’s development and, therefore, tries to give to the teachers the information that fosters this process. It also seeks to anticipate the limitations that all language learners will be facing in their developmental process. Through predicting the sequence of language development, this framework could provide teachers with useful information about the possible difficulties that learners might face, allowing them to support their students.
Next
Second language acquisition (SLA)
Is the process of learning other languages in addition to the native language.
Krashen’s Theory of Second Language Acquisition
Stephen Krashen has influenced the world of SLA as he has studied and researched
language acquisition for many years. His theory is based on five different hypotheses which include: -Acquisition/learning hypothesis -Monitor hypothesis -Natural order hypothesis -Input hypothesis -Affective filter hypothesis
Krashen's theory (5 hypotheses)
CRITICAL PERIOD
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
- The influence of native language on the second language learning
- Learning a second language means impairing the use of the first one.
- Learning a second language exerts pressure on kids and parents.
- External factors impede the process of learning a foreign language
- Brain and cognitive development.
- Additional control ability.
- Other cognitive performances.
- Academic development
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Processability Theory
Behaviourism
Asl, M. H. H. (2023, 22 septiembre). Processability Theory in SLA Best Explanation & Practices. LELB Society. https://lelb.net/processability-theory-in-sla/
Geoffjordan. (2022, 18 agosto). SLA Part 6: Pienemann’s Processability Theory. What Do You Think You’re Doing? https://applingtesol.wordpress.com/2018/09/20/sla-part-5-pienemanns-processability-theory/
Asl, M. H. H. (2022, 25 marzo). Processability Theory in Second Language Acquisition – Best Tips. LELB Society. https://lelb.net/study-at-lelb-society/pages/processability-theory-tesl-issues/
Pienemann’s Teachability Hypothesis and Processability Theory and Their Implications for Error Correction in Classroom-based Second Language Learning. (s. f.). CORE Reader. https://core.ac.uk/reader/270257710
Wikipedia contributors. (2023, 9 junio). Processability theory. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processability_theory
Lightbow, P. M., & Spada, N. (2013). How languages are learned (6.ª ed.). United Kindom.
Tprestianni. (2023, August 17). Behaviorism in education: What is Behavioral learning Theory? National University. https://www.nu.edu/blog/behaviorism-in-education/
Posts, V. M. (2021, December 16). Contrastive Analysis and error analysis in foreign language learning. The Art of TEFL. https://ioannanifli.wordpress.com/2021/12/16/the-role-of-the-contrastive-analysis-hypothesis-and-error-analysis-in-foreign-language-learning/
Simply Psychology. (2024, February 2). Operant Conditioning in Psychology: B.F. Skinner Theory. https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html
MSEd, K. C. (2022, November 7). What is behaviorism? Very well Mindhttps://www.verywellmind.com/behavioral-psychology-4157183
PHILO-notes. (2021, 1 noviembre). What is Cognitivism? (Cognitivism Defined, Cognitivism Explained, Meaning of Cognitivism) [Vídeo]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFZs7I4FxP4 Smith, J. (2020). Fundamentos del cognitivismo: Teorías y aplicaciones. Editorial Académica. Cognitivismo. (2016, 9 septiembre). Teorías de Aprendizaje. https://teoriasdeaprendizajesite.wordpress.com/cognitivismo/ Jones, A., & Brown, K. (2018). Conexionismo: Una perspectiva contemporánea. Revista de Psicología Cognitiva, 25(2), 145-162. https://doi.org/10.1037/cog0000123 Connectionism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (s. f.). https://iep.utm.edu/connectionism-cognition/
Cognitivism
Connectionism
Second Language Acquisition
D. (12 jul 2015). Presentation about Stephen Krashen's five hypotheses. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZyfIgBFFFk.
Friedrichsen.A. (Spring 2020 ). Second Language Acquisition Theories and What It Means For Teacher Instruction. https://nwcommons.nwciowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1200&context=education_masters.
Thank you!
Language Learning Theories
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Transcript
01
Language Learning Theories
Engracia María Tomé Briz Gloria Guillot Alarcón Marina García Gasent Aida Casbas Davesa
Start
Theories
Behaviourism Cognitivism Connectionism Processability Theory Second Language Acquisition
Next
Behaviourism
Main proponents: Pavlov, Watson and Skinner
-Powerful influence on second and foreign language teaching during the 1940s and 1970s -All behaviours are acquired through cnnditioning Conditioning occurs with interaction with the environment
Skinner operant conditioning
-Activities emphasize mimicry and memorization
Linked to the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis
Positive Reinforcement - offering rewards or incentives to strengthen desired behaviors. -verbal praise, stickers, tokens, or other tangible rewards.. Benefits: : • It encourages students to repeat desirable behaviors and achieve their goals. • It boosts students’ self-esteem and confidence. • It fosters a positive and nurturing learning atmosphere. Negative Reinforcement - Removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior to increase its frequency. For example, a teacher can reduce the amount of homework for a student who performs we Benefits: • It helps students avoid or escape from unpleasant or aversive situations. • It increases students’ motivation and persistence. • It reduces students’ anxiety and stress • Behaviourist teaching strategies • Direct Instruction: This method involves clear and structured teaching, with a focus on repetition and practice. • Token Economy: In a token economy system, students earn tokens or points for exhibiting appropriate behavior. • Time-Out: Removal of a student from a reinforcing environment due to disruptive behavior. • Task Analysis: Complex tasks can be broken down into smaller, manageable steps.
CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS HYPOTHESIS
Set of procedures for comparing and contrasting the linguistic systems of two languages in order to identify their structural similarities and differences” (Ellis 1994:698). -Interlanguage errors -Language transfer -Communicative skills -Learner´s interlanguage creative mistakes
Cognitivism
The cognitive theory focuses on the internal mental processes involved in learning, such as attention, memory, and thinking. It emphasizes the importance of understanding how individuals process, encode, and organize information.
This theory suggests that learning is an active, constructive process where learners actively engage with the material, make connections, and create meaning.
Cognitive theorists emphasize the role of prior knowledge, problem-solving strategies, and metacognitive skills in learning. They also study how different factors, such as motivation and individual differences, influence cognitive processes and learning outcomes. Overall, cognitive theory provides insights into how the mind works and how learning can be enhanced through effective instructional strategies that support cognitive processes.
Connectionism
Connectionism, also known as neural network theory, is a theoretical framework in cognitive science that models mental processes using interconnected networks of simple processing units, or artificial neurons. These networks are inspired by the structure and function of biological neural networks in the brain.
In connectionist models, information is processed through the interaction of nodes (neurons) connected by weighted links. Learning occurs through the adjustment of these connection weights based on experience, allowing the network to adapt and improve its performance over time. Connectionist models are often used to simulate cognitive processes such as learning, memory, and perception. They have been applied to various domains, including pattern recognition, language processing, and cognitive development.
One of the key principles of connectionism is the distributed representation of information, where knowledge is encoded across multiple nodes in the network rather than localized in specific units. This distributed nature allows connectionist models to exhibit graceful degradation, where performance gradually declines with damage to the network rather than catastrophic failure. Overall, connectionism provides a powerful framework for understanding complex cognitive phenomena and has contributed significantly to our understanding of how the brain processes information and performs cognitive task
Processability Theory
Next
Definition
Processability theory (PT) is a cognitive analysis of second language acquisition that tries to explain developmental timelines as well as the learner's own variation during the process.
Manfred Pienemann
Next
Students have to be able to achieve a cerain level of processing ability in the second language before they can use the knowledge of traits that they have already acquired in their mother tongue.
Next
“Learners are limited in their production of words of formulaic expressions” (Pienemann, 1998, as cited in Bonilla, 2015).
Canonical order (SVO) – Acquisition of individual words.
5 Stages of learning
“At this stage of development, learners begin to produce strings based on canonical word order” (Pienemann, 1998, as cited in Bonilla, 2015).
Adverb processing (ADV) – Access to grammatical structures
“Learners are be able to place prepositional phrases, wh-words or adverbs before canonical word order” (Pienemann, 1998, as cited in Bonilla, 2015).
Verb separation (SEP) – Prasal, or word assembly, procedure
“Learners can exchange information across constituent boundaries, such as phrasal verbs and noun clauses” (Pienemann, 1998, as cited in Bonilla, 2015).
Inversion (INV) The S- Procedure
“At the final stage of development, the learner can distinguish between subordinate and main clauses, and can also make use of them” (Pienemann, 1998, as cited in Bonilla, 2015).
X + 4 – Verb-end (V-END) – The subordinate clause procedure.
Next
CONCLUSION
Processability Theory focuses on the learner’s development and, therefore, tries to give to the teachers the information that fosters this process. It also seeks to anticipate the limitations that all language learners will be facing in their developmental process. Through predicting the sequence of language development, this framework could provide teachers with useful information about the possible difficulties that learners might face, allowing them to support their students.
Next
Second language acquisition (SLA)
Is the process of learning other languages in addition to the native language.
Krashen’s Theory of Second Language Acquisition
Stephen Krashen has influenced the world of SLA as he has studied and researched language acquisition for many years. His theory is based on five different hypotheses which include: -Acquisition/learning hypothesis -Monitor hypothesis -Natural order hypothesis -Input hypothesis -Affective filter hypothesis
Krashen's theory (5 hypotheses)
CRITICAL PERIOD
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Processability Theory
Behaviourism
Asl, M. H. H. (2023, 22 septiembre). Processability Theory in SLA Best Explanation & Practices. LELB Society. https://lelb.net/processability-theory-in-sla/
Geoffjordan. (2022, 18 agosto). SLA Part 6: Pienemann’s Processability Theory. What Do You Think You’re Doing? https://applingtesol.wordpress.com/2018/09/20/sla-part-5-pienemanns-processability-theory/
Asl, M. H. H. (2022, 25 marzo). Processability Theory in Second Language Acquisition – Best Tips. LELB Society. https://lelb.net/study-at-lelb-society/pages/processability-theory-tesl-issues/
Pienemann’s Teachability Hypothesis and Processability Theory and Their Implications for Error Correction in Classroom-based Second Language Learning. (s. f.). CORE Reader. https://core.ac.uk/reader/270257710
Wikipedia contributors. (2023, 9 junio). Processability theory. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processability_theory
Lightbow, P. M., & Spada, N. (2013). How languages are learned (6.ª ed.). United Kindom.
Tprestianni. (2023, August 17). Behaviorism in education: What is Behavioral learning Theory? National University. https://www.nu.edu/blog/behaviorism-in-education/
Posts, V. M. (2021, December 16). Contrastive Analysis and error analysis in foreign language learning. The Art of TEFL. https://ioannanifli.wordpress.com/2021/12/16/the-role-of-the-contrastive-analysis-hypothesis-and-error-analysis-in-foreign-language-learning/
Simply Psychology. (2024, February 2). Operant Conditioning in Psychology: B.F. Skinner Theory. https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html
MSEd, K. C. (2022, November 7). What is behaviorism? Very well Mindhttps://www.verywellmind.com/behavioral-psychology-4157183
PHILO-notes. (2021, 1 noviembre). What is Cognitivism? (Cognitivism Defined, Cognitivism Explained, Meaning of Cognitivism) [Vídeo]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFZs7I4FxP4 Smith, J. (2020). Fundamentos del cognitivismo: Teorías y aplicaciones. Editorial Académica. Cognitivismo. (2016, 9 septiembre). Teorías de Aprendizaje. https://teoriasdeaprendizajesite.wordpress.com/cognitivismo/ Jones, A., & Brown, K. (2018). Conexionismo: Una perspectiva contemporánea. Revista de Psicología Cognitiva, 25(2), 145-162. https://doi.org/10.1037/cog0000123 Connectionism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (s. f.). https://iep.utm.edu/connectionism-cognition/
Cognitivism
Connectionism
Second Language Acquisition
D. (12 jul 2015). Presentation about Stephen Krashen's five hypotheses. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZyfIgBFFFk.
Friedrichsen.A. (Spring 2020 ). Second Language Acquisition Theories and What It Means For Teacher Instruction. https://nwcommons.nwciowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1200&context=education_masters.
Thank you!