Significant Events in the Permian, Carboniferous, Devonian

Landmasses: During the Permian period, the Earth's surface, or more specifically its crust was a single and massive continent called the Pangaea. Climate: Hot and Dry Significant Events: 1. The world's landmass resembling a huge letter "C" facing eastward (Pangaea) 2. The Rise of Amniotes 3. The largest extinction in Earth's history Organisms: The groups of Synapsids and sauropsids dominated the landmasses of the Permian period while Ammonites and brachiopods were found in the marines. However, there is still much to be known about the huge Panthalassic Ocean. Ross JRP, Ross CA. Permian Period | Plants, Animals, Extinction, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2024 Feb 16. https://www.britannica.com/science/Permian-Period Permian period—298.9 to 251.9 MYA (U.S. National Park Service). https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/permian-period.htm#:~:text=During%20the%20Permian%20Period%2C%20Earth%27s,reptiles%20replaced%20amphibians%20in%20abundance. Permian period—298.9 to 251.9 MYA (U.S. National Park Service). https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/permian-period.htm Bagley M. Permian Period: Climate, Animals & Plants. livescience.com. 2014 Feb 8. https://www.livescience.com/43219-permian-period-climate-animals-plants.html

Landmasses: Belts of forests and swamps, as well as plenty of organic deposits of plant debrid that formed the world's first extensive coal deposits. Climate: Warm Significant Events: 1. "The Coal Age" 2. Collapsion of the Carboniferous rainforest 3. Floral life that became established during the previous periods flourished in this period. Organisms: "Animals of the Carboniferous Period include amphibians, which became the dominant land vertebrates; sharks, which dominated the oceans; arthropods, which grew to much bigger sizes than today; and amniotes, the ancestors of modern reptiles, birds, and mammals." Carboniferous period. Science. 2021 May 3. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/carboniferous#:~:text=Vegetation%20included%20giant%20club%20mosses,humans%20are%20still%20burning%20today. British Geological Survey. Plants - British Geological Survey. British Geological Survey. 2021 Sep 10. https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/fossils-and-geological-time/plants-2/#:~:text=During%20the%20Carboniferous%2C%20many%20new,and%20seed%20ferns%20also%20developed. Carboniferous period. Science. 2021 May 3. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/carboniferous#:~:text=Vegetation%20included%20giant%20club%20mosses,humans%20are%20still%20burning%20today. The age of oxygen. https://forces.si.edu/atmosphere/02_02_06.html#:~:text=Early%20in%20the%20Carboniferous%20Period,between%20glacial%20and%20interglacial%20periods.

Landmasses: The land on Earth was divided into two supercontinents, Gondwana and Euramerica. A large ocean blanketed the rest of the planet, and these enormous landmasses were located very close to one another in a single hemisphere. Climate: The continental interior regions experienced an extremely warm and mostly dry climate. Significant Events: 1. Collision of the Continents: These landmasses progressively merged to form a single landmass in the northern hemisphere. 2. Formation of Caledonian oregeny 3. Devonian Period Mass Extinction: This led to the extinction of 75% of all animals that were alive at the time. Organisms: Extinct: Odontopleurid trilobites, Dalmanitid trilobites, Phacopid trilobites, Atrypid brachiopods, Pentamerid brachiopods. - During the Paleozoic Era, the diversity of marine life peaked in the Devonian. - Plants: Archaeopteris, Lycophytes, horsetails, progymnosperms, and ferns. Tectonics of the Devonian. ucmpberkeleyedu. [accessed 2024 Feb 27]. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/devonian/devtect.html#:~:text=Significant%20changes%20in%20the%20world%27s. Bagley M. 2014 Feb 22. Devonian Period: Climate, Animals & Plants. Live Science. https://www.livescience.com/43596-devonian-period.html. Akinde A. 2022 Oct 20. Devonian Period: Facts, Information, and Timeline. AZ Animals. https://a-z-animals.com/blog/devonian-period-facts-information-and-timeline/. Devonian Period - Devonian geology | Britannica. 2020. In: Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/Devonian-Period/Devonian-geology. Sam Noble Museum. 2020. Late Devonian Extinctions. Ouedu. https://samnoblemuseum.ou.edu/understanding-extinction/mass-extinctions/late-devonian-extinctions/.