SOCIAL SCIENCES U6

Unit 6

modern spain: THE 20TH CENTURY

START

Index

Spanish Civil War

Franco dictatorship

The transition period

Rights of the 20th century

Spanish art and culture

20th century

Spanish Civil War

The early 20th century started with the same characteristics of the late 19th century:

• The Restoration period continued.
• Alfonso XIII was the king.
• The "turno pacífico" continued: Liberals and Conservatives took turns in the goverment.

Due to the current situation, it was a time of political and social conflict. Different systems of government tried to solve the problems but these attemps failed and in July of 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. This event marked the beginning of the early 20th century.

Military

Social

Political

• Trade unions grew: wanted better conditions and pay for the workers.
• Trade unions: organizations or group of workers who join together to negociate pay, hours, benefits and working conditions.
• For example: UGT (Sindicato Unión General de Trabajores y Tradabajadoras) and CNT (Confederación Nacional del Trabajo)
• There were many strikes. The most important: general strike of 1917.
• Tragic Week of Spain.

• Spain colonised part of Morocco and some natives opposed to the Spanish rule.
• Spanish government sent the military to fight there.
• In 1920, it started the Rif war and it lasted 7 years. They took the territory back and it has a big impart in the history of Spain.
• The majority of the Spanish soldiers were ordinary workers.

• Some political parties opposed the "turno pacífico", such as: PSOE, republican parties and Catalan annd Basque nacionalist parties.

Primo de Rivera dictatorship

As a consequence of the social, political and military conflicts, in 1923 there was a military coup where Miguel Primo de Rivera took the power. At the beginning, the King Alfonso XIII supported the dictatorhip of Primo de Rivera but later on there was an opposition and he resigned in 1930.

• The Constitution was suspended.
• Political parties and trade unions were illegal.
• Freedom of press was limited by censorship. The newspapers were controlled by the government.

The Second Republic

Primo de Rivera dictatorship became very unpopular and he lost the support of the army and Alfonso XIII. In 1930 he left the power. In 1931 there were municipal elections: Republicans and Socialist won and Spain became a republic again. Niceto Alcalá-Zamora was the president of the Second Republic from 1931 to 1936. Then, in 1936 Manuel Azaña became the president. Many reforms took place during the republic in order to reduce the political and social conflicts of Spain. However, these reforms divided Spain and the political conflict didn't disappear. Spain was divided in 2 groups: the socialists and republicans who supported the changes and the conservatives who didn't.

The Second Republic

Some of the characteristics of the Second Republic:

• Monachy was abolished.
• Constitution of 1931: Spain became a democracy.NEW: women were allow to vote!!!
• Catholicism lost power: lost control of education; it wasn't the official religion anymore; separation between state and church.
• Incresing of the regional autonomy. The statute of autonomy for Cataluña and Basque country was introduced.
• Public schools were created.
• Government took land from landowners and they planned to give it to poor farmers.
• There was a reform of the military. Now, they had to promise loyalty to the republic.

Clara Campomor

HER JOB WAS CRUCIAL TO GET THE WOMEN VOTE.

• She fought for the women rights in many ways and she also fought for the equality of the children.
• She was a lawyer, writer and politician.
• She created the "Unión Republicana Femenina": asociation to give advide to women about their rights.
• She was one of the main promoters for the women suffrage in Spain.

pROJECT

Spanish Civil War

• The opposition of some groups to the Second Republic led a military rebellion in 1936.
• It began in the Spanish Morocco and it was lead by the General Francisco Franco.
• This marked the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.
• It lasted from 1936 to 1939.
• Spain was divided in two groups: the Nationalists, the ones who supported the rebellion and opposed to the reforms; and the Republicans, the ones who supported the government and the reforms.
• The Nationalist were supported by Germany and Italy and the Republicans were supported by the Soviet Union (Russia)

Spanish Civil War

• The Nationalist and Republican armies fought each other in the Spanish Civil War for almost 3 years.
• The Republicans were supported by workers, farmers, Basque and Catalonia nationalists.
• The Nationalists were supported by Church, monarchy, nobles, landowners and the conservatives.
• The Nationalist won the war in April of 1939. After that, they took control of Madrid and Francisco Franco established a dictatorship.
• This war had a great impact on the Spain of the 20th century and it still has.

Spanish Civil War

Some of the consequences were:

• Around 365.000 people died.
• People were prisioned or killed because of their opinions.
• Roads, bridges, railways and buildings were destroy.
• People became ill.
• Many Spanish children were sent to other countries to keep them away from the conflict.
• Many lands and farms were destroy. Agriculture had a very bad impact.
• There was a huge economical crisis.
• Spain became very radical and Spain was divided in two groups: Nationalist and Republicans.

Francisco Franco dictashorship

THE NATIONALIST VICTORY IN THE CIVIL WAR WAS THE BENNING OF FRANCO DICTATORSHIP.

• It started in 1939 and it ended in 1975.
• After the civil war, the supporters of the Republic were sent to prision or killed. Moreover, many people who opposed Franco left Spain and went to live in other countries.
• During this time, Franco was the head of state, the governmet and the military and it was called "caudillo". There was no separation of the powers and Franco had all the power.

Francisco Franco dictatorship

THE main characteristics:

• The Constitution was abolish and there weren't any democratic elections.
• Political parties and trade unions were illegal. "La Falange" was the only legal political party and it supported Franco.
• Freedom of press and freedom of expression were very limited as there was censorship in newspapers, books and films.
• Catholicism was the official religion and there was no separation between the church and the state.
• Spanish was the only language permitted in public life. Catalan, Basque and Galician were prohibided.
• Power was concentrated in the central government and there was no regional autonomy.

Francisco Franco dictatorship

During the dictatorship....

1940s

• Spain was internationally isolated due to the dictatorship.
• The economic conditions were bad and people often went hungry.
• 1955 Spain joined in the United Nations.

1960s

• Economic situation began to improve.
• Spain started to became a popular tourist destination.
• There was an improvement of the living conditions.
• Franco decided to restore the monarchy after this death and in 1969 he named Juan Carlos de Borbón his successor.

Francisco Franco dictatorship

During the dictatorship....

1970s

• Franco became old and sick
• The opposition to the dictatorship increased
• 1973 ETA killed the Franco’s prime mister, Carrero Blanco (he was seen as the sucessor of Franco)
• 1975 Franco died and Juan Carlos became King of Spain

**ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna)= Basque Country and Freedonm. It was a nationalist separatist militant army. Most of their attacks targeted bussiness and government officials (security servicies and judiciary) but also civilians. It was founded in 1959 and in 2011 they annouced their cessation.

The transition period

The period of 1975-1978 is known as the transition to democracy. Spain became a constitutional monarchy: where powers are divided in mocharchy + democracy. Adolfo Suarez from UCD (Unión de Centro Democrático) was the prime minister and he introduced changes which transformed Spain from dictatorship to democracy. Some of these changes were:

• 1977: Political parties and trade unions were legal again.
• 1977: Amnesty law passed: the political prisoners from the dictatorship were now free. People who left Spain for political reasons could return.
• There were democratic elections and the new parliament wrote the Constitution of 1978. This constitution was voted in a referendum.
• Since 1978 Spain faced a number of challenges: political conflict, terrorism and a major public health crisis.

The transition period

UCD ruled from 1977 to 1982. After that, there were 2 dominant political parties: the right-wing Partido Popular (PP) and the left-wing Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE). However, in the past years other political parties have become more significant: Podemos and Ciudadanos (which were born after the significant social movement called "15-M) or Vox or Sumar, are some examples.

Rights of the 20th century

The rights of the Spain citizens suffered different changes during the different periods of the 20th century.Depending on the stage the society had more or less rights. It depended on how the society was organized and who was ruling. For example, during the 2 dictatorships there were less rights in relation with the freedom of the people than during the second republic or the democracy.

• 1st. During Franco dictatorship: many rights were limited such as: people didn’t have the right to strike or join in a trade union.
• 2nd.During democracy: many rights were gained again and many of them expanded during the democracy such as: right to vote or right to strike.

Rights of the 20th century

The women rights also experienced many changes too during the 20th century.

• 1st. Second republic: right to vote, began to participate in politics, women and men equal against the law, divorce was legalise for the 1st time.
• 2nd. Franco dictatorship: all the advances dissapeared and women had very limited rights.
• 3rd. Transition period: equal pay law (women and men = salary); divorce was legal again; worker women increase and just over 50% of Spainish women worked outside the home by the end of the 20th century.

Spanish art and culture

CUBISM

ABSTRACT

SURREALISM

• It represented the imaginary world of dreams.
• Salvador Dalí, Joan Miró and Maruja Mallo.

• It represented ideas instead of the reality.
• Sculptors better known as painters.
• Eduardo Chillida and Cristina Iglesias.

• It represented people and objects using geometrical shapes.
• Pablo Picasso, Juan Gris and Maria Blanchard.

Spanish art and culture

novels

poems

plays

• Antonio Buero Vallejo "Historia de una escalera", Ana Diosdado "Olvida los tambores" or Juan Mayorga "El cartografo".

• Gloria Fuertes: for kids, "La ardilla y su pandilla"
• Miguel Hernandez "El rayo que no cesa" or Federico García Lorca "La casa de Bernarda Alba".

• Miguel Delibes "El camino", Camilo Jose Cela "La colmena" or Rosa Montero "La ridicula idea de no volverte a ver"

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