Sculture proyect

Art comentary of sculpture

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By: Alex J. , Alex R. , Tico, Juan, Gaizka and Hugo.

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The MOISES.

HISTORY:The Moises was a white marmol sculpture made by Miguel Angel. His purpose was to portray the biblical figure, Moises, as on that times, the religion still present an importance in society. The sculpture was commissioned in 1505, for the tomb of the pope Julius II in the Basilica of San Peter, was made in 1513-1536, and retouched in 1592, but the tomb and sculpture were finally placed in the Basilica of San Pietri in Vincoli, Rome. DESCRIPTION:

Neptune statue

Contexts

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EL DAVID

Soy un subtítulo genial, ideal para dar más contexto sobre el tema que vas a tratar

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ARTISTIC CHARACTERISTICS

The Renaissance is a broad artistic movement that appeared in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries, although, the name was given in the 19th century. It was also a period of change between the Middle Ages and the Modern Age. Its main appearances are in the field of the arts, although there was also a change within the sciences. The city of Florence, in Italy, was the birthplace and development of this movement, which later spread throughout Europe. The Renaissanace was the result of the appearance of the ideas of humanism, which determined a new idea of the men and the world. The term ¨Renaissance¨ was used as inspiration by the renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman culture.

Regarding Renaissance sculpture, its artists were characterized by having extensive knowledge in sciences such as mathematics, anatomy and physics. In this way, they would achive perfection in the representation of a proportionate human body. But sculpture varied in style depending on the subject:-If the subject was religion, they used to take important religious figures, but not to represent a religious scene, such us the Moises. -If the subject was human being, they make nacked bodies not only to represent beauty, also to make people take into account the technic and maestry of the artist.

Context with society

Political transformations: Increase in general production made wealth and income from taxation rise. This had significant political consequences as monarchs now had more resources available to themfor implement new political reforms. The monarchs’ main objectives were to increase their power, limit the power of the nobility, administer their kingdom’s resources more efficiently and maintain a strong position in relation with other monarchs. Authoritarian monarchy: A new political model emerged in some parts of Europe: the authoritarian monarchy. This political system appear thanks to this reforms: - Royal government. Thanks to the benefits of trade, monarchs now had more resources to establish a strong bureaucracy by adding more officials administered. This allowed them to control their kingdoms, including the nobility’s lands, and collect taxes more efficiently. The centre of royal government was the court, which the monarchs established permanently in the capitals of new states. - Royal army. Monarchs established permanent armies of mercenaries, who they paid with the taxes they collected. This meant they were no longer dependent on the nobles for military aid. In addition, they could also subdue the nobles when they rebelled against their reforms. - Diplomatic corps. This institution allowed monarchs to establish alliances with other states or kingdoms. Now the nobility had to obey the monarch. Their role became limited. However, these monarchs gradually centralized power by reducing the number of times they summoned parliaments. The modern state: The new political organization that emerged from these reforms is called the modern state. The most powerful monarchies, as for example the Spanish monarchy and the Portuguese monarchy, fought for the control of small Italian and German states. This led that some monarchies became enemies, as for example Aragon and France, whom later will try to isolate France.

Social transformations: The population had decreased during the crisis of the Late Middle. However, during the 16th century the European population grew thanks to fewer wars, increased agricultural production and economic prosperity, which led to a decrease in the number of epidemics. Society consisted of the same social groups, called estates, that had existed during the Middle Ages: - Privileged estates. They consisted of the nobility and clergy. They didn’t pay taxes and their laws were different. The privileged were a minority, but they controlled most of the lands and political posts. Also, there were great economic differences among the members of the privileged estate. - Unprivileged estates. They consisted of the majority of the population, which had fewer rights and paid taxes. There were different social groups within the unprivileged estate and there also economic differences among them. Changes in society: Although the bourgeoisie belonged to the unprivileged estate, their situation changed during the Early Modern Age. Thanks to the increase in trade, the bourgeoisie became wealthier. Important merchants and bankers became extremely rich. However, they continued to have fewer privileges than the nobles and hidalgos. The upper bourgeoisie tried to join the nobility through marriage, buying noble titles or performing special services for a monarch. In contrast, the nobility lost power to the monarch and they also lost social influence to the wealthy bourgeoisie. They kept their privileges and their lands. They replaced the system of serfdom with tenant farming, a system in which the peasants paid an amount of money to continue working the lands of the lord, but they were freed from their feudal obligations. Women’s roles: During the Early Modern Age, women continued to have a lower social status than men and were dependent on their husbands and fathers. The main roles were doing household tasks and having children, in addition to the activities that belonged to their social status. The emergence of some powerful women in this period, as, for example, some queens, helped to change perspectives about women’s capabilities. The debate about women’s intellectual and political capabilities, called The woman question, was initiated during this period, and continued for centuries.

General characterisis:type of art : sculture uses: to reorganize the area of the plaza mayor chronology: in 1563 location: bologna (plaza mayor) author: Bartolomeo Ammannati

Historically, the fountain aligns with the Renaissance era, marked by a revival of classical ideals. Crafted by the skilled sculptor Giambologna, the statue of Neptune encapsulates the artistic essence of the period. Giambologna's mastery in depicting the human form and his creative composition elevate the fountain to more than a symbol; it becomes a tangible link connecting Bolonia's contemporary society to its rich cultural heritage. Aesthetically, the Fontana del Nettuno is a source of visual pleasure, drawing admiration from both residents and visitors. Giambologna's meticulous craftsmanship, seen in the intricate details of Neptune and the mythical sea creature, turns the fountain into a timeless masterpiece. Its aesthetic appeal enhances the city's allure, contributing to Bolonia's identity as a hub of art and culture. In essence, the Fontana del Nettuno is a living testament to the interconnectedness of art and society. Its symbolism, communal significance, historical context, and aesthetic allure converge to create a multifaceted entity deeply woven into the social fabric of Bolonia. As Neptune stands sentinel over the Piazza del Nettuno, the fountain remains not just a work of art but an enduring symbol of the city's past, present, and the timeless interplay between artistic expression and communal identity.

The Fontana del Nettuno, gracing the heart of Bolonia, Italy, is not merely a static monument but a dynamic reflection of the city's historical, social, and artistic evolution. Erected in the 16th century during the Renaissance, the fountain's symbolic resonance with Bolonia's maritime identity is palpable. The imposing figure of Neptune, the Roman god of the sea, stands atop the fountain, wielding a trident and embodying the city's connection with the waters and trade. This symbolism embeds the Fontana del Nettuno within the collective consciousness of the community, evoking a sense of pride in Bolonia's historical role as a maritime powerhouse. The Piazza del Nettuno, the square embracing the fountain, transforms the artwork into a living part of the city's social fabric. It becomes a natural meeting point, a space where locals converge for both planned and spontaneous gatherings. The fountain, with Neptune presiding over the square, witnesses the daily interactions, conversations, and shared moments that define the social rhythm of Bolonia. In this way, the Fontana del Nettuno becomes a testament to the vitality and communal spirit of the city, transcending its role as a mere sculpture.

General characteristics

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: Moses is a white marble sculpture of 2.35 meters high commissioned in 1505 by the pope Julio II It was made in 1513-1536, and it was retouched in 1592, it was made by Michelangelo to (1475-1564), inspired on the biblical figure of Moses. Originally was madefor the tomb of Pope Julius II in St. Peter's Basilica, the Moses and the tomb were eventually placed in the main church of San Pietro in Vincoli.

Description

michaelangelodrew inspiration for this sssculture from the biblical story as David the talee as a young Shepphered buy how saved the isssraaelite by sslaying the warrior gigant Goliath wieldling only aa sling and a handful of stones. This classic underdog tale starts a feeble boy, but David is a pinnacle of male perfection. The "lithe" youth weights nearly 11500 pounds and stands a staggering 17 seet high head is like a normaaal peerson

Formal characteristics: Type of sculture: Material: marble and bronze Support: marble Technique: no technique Colours: bronze and marble

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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

The David is the first sculpture to depict the male body completely naked. Miguel Ángel was in his early twenties when he started to designing the David. It was offered to him by a a colossal block of marble, wich had alredy been intervened by 2 artists. They had bo.th given up trying to create someting with her becouse of the imperfections in the grain that the piece had. Miguel Ángel,

FORMAL CHARACTERISTICS

Is imitation would be from of slatterv David would be blushing the stute hes been reproduced in countless ways from pictures in coffe-table art books to small replics of every shpe and color, to kitchen aprrouns there are also 30 ife-sized replics as David around the world, with the most famous as them in Florence itselfs. Thee firts in the Piazza della signacia where the David state was originally erected.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Artistics characteristicis

The statue of Neptune, as part of the fountain, features Neptune, the Roman god of the sea, standing on a pedestal, holding a trident in one hand and a mythical sea creature in the other. The work stands out for its expressiveness and sculptural details, showing Giambologna's mastery in the representation of the human figure and creativity in composition. The fountain has become an iconic symbol of Bologna and is appreciated for both its artistic value and its historical importance in the city.

FORMAL CHARACTERISTICS

The theme is biblical (a passage from the Old Testament): the prophet Moses, upon returning from his forty-day stay on Mount Sinai, carrying the Tables of the Law under his arm to teach them to the Israelites, contemplates in horror how they have abandoned the cult of Jahvé (Jehovah) and they are worshiping the Golden Calf. The theme represented (the episode) must be placed in a longer narrative that would cover the life of Moses and the captivity of the Hebrew people in Egypt, until they were leads to the Promised Land (Palestine), after a long journey through the desert. Moses will never see the land promised by Jahwe, but he will lead his people from captivity to liberation. The modeling is perfect; Michelangelo has treated marble, his favorite material, as if it were the most docile of materials (clay, plasticine, etc.). The anatomical study is of astonishing naturalism (the prophet's arms exhibit the strength and tension of an athlete, despite his mature age). The polished white marble lets the light shine through. The clothes fall in folds of great naturalism, where the contrasts of light and shadow caused by the deep cavities in the marble give the figure its resounding volume.

Context with society

Cultural transformations: On Early Modern Ages there were significant developments in science and thought. Ideas spread rapidly thanks to the invention of the printing press and the establishment of a network of universities. Humanism: Is new intellectual movement emerged in Italy and spread across Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. Its main characteristics were: - A renewed interest in Classical culture. Classical Greek and Roman culture and philosophy became the point of reference for intellectual and artistic activity. - Anthropocentrism. Humans became the centre of philosophical reflection and artistic creation. Although humanists continued to be Christians, they abandoned Medieval theocentrism. - Optimism and creativity. Humanists believed in a better life and their creativity resulted in many inventions. - Desire for knowledge. Due to their intellectual curiosity, Humanists didn’t limit their knowledge to one area. They wanted to know about everything and become “Renaissance Men”. - Critical thinking. Previous sources of knowledge were tradition, the great scholars and sacred texts. Humanism questioned this knowledge and tried to explain nature thorough: o Reason: individual reflection. o Research: extensive studies. o Experimentation: practical demonstrations. - Use of vernacular languages. Most books had previously been written in Latin. Humanists such as Dante, Petrarch or Boccacio started to write their works in languages spoken on their countries. As a result of this, more people had access to culture and new knowledge. This important movement led to a new way of making art.

Economic transformations:Throughout the 15th century, Europe’s economy began to recover from the crisis.Primary sector: It consist on the people who's work is related to the extraction of raw materials. Secondary sector: It consist on the people who?s work is related to the production of manufactured products. Trade: The development of the primary and secondary sectors resulted in surplus production and this increased trade. Traders sold the surplus products in city markets. Merchants established new trade routes which connected places that were far apart. However, the most important transformation was the arrival of new products in Europe thanks to the great voyages of exploration. These included precious metals, foods and spices. This stimulated trade because in the previous century there wasn’t enough metal available to produce coins. Valuable spices and other luxury products made long distance trade very profitable. Finance: the birth of capitalism From the end of the Late Middle Ages, the economic importance of cities grew thanks to the introduction of money. Money rather than land became the basis of wealth in the urban economy and, as a result, capitalism emerged. Capitalism developed rapidly thanks to the general increase in production, long-distance trade and the amount of money in circulation. New financial institutions and instruments developed to meet the needs of new businesses. These included: - Banks. Merchants needed money for their trading companies and banks could grant them loans in exchange for paying interest. Trade generated high profits, which meant that merchants could repay these loans. In addition, the interest made the bankers wealthy. Monarchs also took loans to cover the costs of their states. - Bills of exchange. These were documents that guaranteed a bank would pay a merchant in a specific place on a specific date, which was safer than travelling with money. - Limited companies. These allowed people to invest in businesses with limited risk. If the business was successful, partners received a percentage of the profits according to their initial investment. If the business failed, they only lost their initial investment. - Insurance companies. These allowed merchants to minimise their risks. Insurance companies provided financial protection of property in case of an accident or disaster in return for a payment.

Description: I can see neptune stepping on a fish with his right foot while his left foot support it on the graund. With the right hand is holdin the trident while the left is raised towards the front. Her muscles and veins are very markrd, her face is withaut any expresion and she is naked. We can see arraund the statute some figures that are like peolpe and some objects, which pour water ending in a fountain