Learning Theories 2

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Memory and Learning

• Children develop their best when they develop language in a cultural and societal context.
• All learning is dependent on the historical context in which it occurs.
• Thinking requires mastery of using tools such as language, number systems, etc.

Characteristics

Negotiation

Debate

Collaboration on Authentic Problems

Sociocultural

Types of Learning

Leo Vygotsky focused on child development in a society and culture. He believed that an individual's learning was influenced to their time and situation.

Memory serves to store the symbols that create the languages (verbal, written, mathematical, etc.) of the child's culture. It holds the experiences of the child in society to build context for the information he interacts with.

Learning occurs in the context of the child's society and culture. A child can encounter learning when he is culturally ready to understand the information.

• 1. Learning and knowledge rests in diversity of opinions.
• 2. Learning is a process of connecting specialized nodes or information sources.
• 3. Learning may reside in non-human appliances.
• 4. Capacity to know more is more critical than what is currently known.
• 5. Nurturing and maintaining connections is needed to facilitate continual learning.
• 6. Ability to see connections between fields, ideas, and concepts is a core skill.
• 7. Currency (accurate, up-to-date knowledge) is the intent of all connectivist learning activities.
• 8. Decision making is itself a learning process. Choosing what to learn and the meaning of incoming information is seen through the lens of a shifting reality. While there is a right answer now, it may be wrong tomorrow due to alterations in the information climate affecting the decision.(Utecht & Keller, 2019, pp. 107–119)

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Eight Principles

Memory and Learning

Types of learning

Connectivism

George Siemens developed a theory of learning for the digital age. He wrote it to include the existence of the internet and artificial intelligence.

Memory is not needed to hold facts but to hold processes. You need to be able to look up facts and apply them to unique situations.

Learning occurs by making connections between information and thoughts that are shared in a global conglomeration of knowledge. It can also occur when evaluating information and making decisions about what to believe.

Androgogy: Adult Learning Theory

1. Experience 2. Self-Directedness 3. Need to Know 4. Readiness to Learn 5. Orientation to Learning 6. Intrinsic Motivation

The Role of Memory

How Learning Occurs

Types of Learning

Malcolm Knowles developed a theory of how adults learn that is sepearte and distinct from the way children learn. He theorized that adults had separate perspective and needs in the classroom (Conaway & Zorn-Arnold, 2015, p. 37).

Malcolm Knowles

Memory is important for connecting new knowledge with past experiences and current needs. It also helps with motivation, remembering why the student sought education.

Learning occurs when the student synthesizes new information with past experiences and learning.

The theory was originally formed around women returning to college after several years absence. It was later used to describe learning by adults and youths who embodied the six principles.

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Types of Learning

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Consructivism is about a student building their own reality. Connectivism is about a student connecting their reality to the realities of millions of people in a digitally connected, global community. Below are some examples