Neurology - Movement disorders
Lucy Edgar
Created on February 6, 2024
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Transcript
YEAR 2 BRAIN AND BEHAVIOUR
Movement disorders
Movement
7. Huntingtons
6. Parkinsons
5. Pathways
11. Treatment
4. Substantia Nigra
10. Seizures
3. Basal Ganglia
9. Definition
2. Brain areas
8. Epilepsy
1. Movment
INDEX
BASAL GANGLIA AND CEREBELLUM
How movement works
Senstory motor cooridination or ongoing movementYour timing and accuracy system
Cerebellum
Gating proper initiation of movementYour all or nothing system
Basal ganglia
VERSUS
The BRAINSTEM is the oldest part of the bain, evolutionary.It does BASIC movement and postural controls
The MOTOR CORTEX is high functioning, doing the planning, initiating and directing of voluntary movements
Cortex and Brainstem
Execution
Organising
Planning
Intention or desire to move Lesions disrupt awareness of the intention to move
Posterior parietal cortex
Controls sequences of motion (behavioural sequences) Damage disrupts the ability to do well-learned responses
Supplementary motor area
Decision to move Region activated prior to the decision to move Plans for movement
Involved in learning and executing complex movement that are guided by sensory information
Frontopolar cortex
Causes movements of particular parts of the body
Premotor cortex
Primary motor cortex
Regulates movement as well as processing emotion, motivation and cognitionSTOP or START protocolForce controlInhibit antagonistic movement
Basal Ganglia
Lentiform nucleus
Dorsal striatum
02
Outputs are:Globus pallidus externaGolbus pallidus Interna - to the ThalamusSubstantia nigra
01
Inputs go to the Dorsal Striatum - Caudate and PutamenFrom the:
- Cerebral cortex- primary motor cortex and somatosensory contex (glutaminergic inputs)
- Substantial nigra (dopaminergic inputs)
- Local corpus striatum circuits (GABAergic)
The substantia nigra is a critical brain region for the production of dopamine and this neurochemical affects many systems of the central nervous system ranging from movement control, cognitive executive functions, and emotional limbic activity.
SubstantiA Nigra
D2-family of receptors send projections to the GPe as part of the “Indirect pathway.” Overall Inhibitory
Indirect Pathway
The neurons that express the D1-family of receptors send projections to the GPi/SNpr to form the “Direct pathway” The “Direct pathway” is comprised of inhibitory projections from the caudate or putamen.Overall Exitatory
Direct pathway
VERSUS
IT IS EASIER TO FIGURE OUT HO WTHE SUBSTANTIA NIGRA WORKS WHEN IT DOESN'T WORK
Parkinsons
- Resting tremor
- Slowness of movement (“bradykinesia”)
- Muscular rigidity
- Lack of associated movements (e.g., arm-swinging during walking)
- Minimal facial expressions
Characteristics
MAINLY LEARN THE WORDS
Huntingtons
The direct pathway becomes domient so no smoothing of movment
- Chorea refers to nonrhythmic, jerky, rapid, nonsuppressible involuntary movement, mostly of the distal muscles and face
- Athetosis: slow, involuntary regular writhing movements of the fingers, hands, toes and feet (in some cases, arms, legs, neck and tongue
- Ballismus: a type of chorea, usually involving violent, involuntary flinging of one arm and/or one leg - from damage to the subthamalic nucleus
Characteristics
SOMETHING COMPLETLY DIFFERENT
Epilepsy
Seizure - Syncronised firing of cortical neuronsEpileptic seizure - recurrent, unpredictable seizuresAbsense seizure (petite mal) - generalisied seizure with the loss of awarness or control
Definition
Post-ictal
Not really a seizure, but the period after the seizure where there is impaired awareness
Generalised
Tonic - Sudden continuous contraction, falling backwardsClonic - Rhythmic muscle contractionsAtonic - Sudden relaxation, falling forwardsTonic-clonic - Tonic then clonicMyoclonic - Muscle jerks (falling asleep)Absence
Focal
Can be aware or impairedA specific part of the brainMotorSensoryAutonomicAwareness - automatisms (lip smacking)
Types of Seizure
-pines-pamsand your long term medications
Treatment
THANKS
Language disorder caused by damage in a specific area of the brain that controls language expression and/or comprehension
APhasia
Areas
PROCESS 03
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PROCESS 02
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Broca's
LEFT HemisphereDanage leads to MOTOR APHASIAShort or incomplete sentencesDifficulty writingSubsitutionUnderstanding is preserved
Areas
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LOREM IPSUM 02
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LOREM IPSUM 01
VERSUS