demography

DEMOGRAPHY

1. topic vocabulary

2. vocabulary list 1

INDEX

3. vocabulary list 2

4. over-the-weekend watching

topic Vocabulary

1. population slump
2. mean years of adult schooling
3. individual worker´s potential
4. human capital
5. educated citizenry
6. shrinking of population size
7. surges of migration
8. infant mortality
9. population acceleration and deceleration
10. demographic transformation
11. population growth patterns

1. human productivity
2. returns
3. life expectancy
4. per capita income
5. population projection
6. demographic metrics
7. replacement level fertility
8. net migration
9. mortality rate
10. working-age population

Vocabulary list 1

1. conventional
2. attribute to
3. impact
4. obtain
5. augment
6. principal
7. crucial to/for smth
8. stall
9. maintain
10. intrinsically

• of a traditional, ordinary type
• usual, normal, standard, commonplace

• обычный, привычный, общепринятый, традиционный

conventional

• of a traditional, ordinary type
• usual, normal, standard, commonplace

• обычный, привычный, общепринятый, традиционный

conventional

collocations

conventionalism conventionality conventionalize unconventional conventionally

conventional

collocations

• wisdom
• military tactics
• methods
• weapons
• medicine
• energy sources
• means
• channels

conventionalism conventionality conventionalize unconventional conventionally

vocabulary.com

• to regard something as being caused by
• ascribe, apply, credit, assign, put down to

• приписывать чему-л; объяснять чем-л.

attribute to

• to regard something as being caused by
• ascribe, apply, credit, assign, put down to

• приписывать чему-л; объяснять чем-л.

verb |əˈtrɪbjuːt| noun |ˈætrɪbjuːt|

attribute

collocations

attribution attributiveattributable

attribute

collocations

attribution attributiveattributable

• in large part to
• mainly, partly, generally
• success to
• erroneously, falsely, incorrectly

vocabulary.com

• a sudden and powerful effect something, especially something new, has on a situation or person
• influence, result, outcome, sway

• влияние, воздействие

impact

• a sudden and powerful effect something, especially something new, has on a situation or person
• influence, result, outcome, sway

• влияние, воздействие

noun |ˈɪmpækt|verb |ɪmˈpækt|

impact

collocations

impacted impactful impaction impactive impactor

impact

collocations

• positive, negative, adverse
• huge, small, noticeable, lasting

• environmental, fiscal, economic, political
• limit, minimize, mitigate, reduce

• assess, calculate, estimate, evaluate
• of the news, revolution
• on results, findings

impacted impactful impaction impactive impactor

vocabulary.com

• to get something you want or need, especially through your own effort, skill, or work
• attain, receive, acquire, gain, come by, get hold of

• получать, приобретать, добиваться, достигать

obtain

• to get something you want or need, especially through your own effort, skill, or work
• attain, receive, acquire, gain, come by, get hold of

• получать, приобретать, добиваться, достигать

obtain

collocations

obtainable obtaining obtained obtainment

obtain

collocations

obtainable obtaining obtained obtainment

• loans
• credit cards
• a special license
• the certification
• reimbursement

vocabulary.com

• to make something larger, stronger, or more effective by adding something to it
• increase, boost, enlarge, amplify, build up, reinforce

• увеличивать, усиливать, укреплять

augment

• to make something larger, stronger, or more effective by adding something to it
• increase, boost, enlarge, amplify, build up, reinforce

• увеличивать, усиливать, укреплять

augment

collocations

augmenting augmented   augmentor

augment

collocations

augmenting augmented   augmentor

• reporting
• “hard power” weapons
• the work

• growth, knowledge, credibility
• funds, supplies, power, number

vocabulary.com

• first in order of importance
• main, chief, leading, primary, foremost

• основной, главный, ведущий

principal

• first in order of importance
• main, chief, leading, primary, foremost

• основной, главный, ведущий

principal

collocations

principality principally    principalship

principal

collocations

principality principally    principalship

• investor, investigator, developer
• author, contributor
• sponsor, advisor, backer
• reason, motives, purposes
• activities, duties

• concern, worry
• component, part, source

vocabulary.com

• extremely important or involving an extremely important decision
• pivotal, critical, vital, essential

• решающий, ключевой, критический

crucial to/for

• extremely important or involving an extremely important decision
• pivotal, critical, vital, essential

• решающий, ключевой, критический

crucial

collocations

crucially

crucial

collocations

crucially

• for success, understanding
• to progress, development
• future, outcome
• element, factor, aspect
• step, stage, moment
• information
• decision, issue, question
• advancement

vocabulary.com

• to stop making progress or to prevent a process from making progress
• falter, lag behind, hold back, obstruct, hinder, impede

• стопорить(ся), останавливать(ся), тормозить

stall

• to stop making progress or to prevent a process from making progress
• falter, lag behind, hold back, obstruct, hinder, impede

• стопорить(ся), останавливать(ся), тормозить

stall

collocations

installstalling

stall

collocations

installstalling

• car, motorcycle, plane ~
• talks, negotiations
• progess
• proceedings
• by the unions, disagreements

vocabulary.com

• to make something stay the same or make sure that something stays at the same level
• preserve, keep up, preserve, uphold, sustain

• поддерживать, сохранять, удерживать

maintain

• to make something stay the same or make sure that something stays at the same level
• preserve, keep up, preserve, uphold, sustain

• поддерживать, сохранять, удерживать

maintain

collocations

maintenance

maintain

collocations

• close, intimate relationship
• communication
• the speed, rate
• performance, quality, standard
• position, neutrality, independence
• across borders, cultural lines
• balance, consistency, continuity, control

maintenance

vocabulary.com

• in an essential or natural way
• naturally, inherently, innately, fundamentally, essentially, basically, congenitally

• по сути, по существу, внутренне, по своим свойствам

intrinsically

• in an essential or natural way
• naturally, inherently, innately, fundamentally, essentially, basically, congenitally

• по сути, по существу, внутренне, по своим свойствам

intrinsically

collocations

intrinsic

intrinsically

collocations

intrinsic

• valuable
• moral
• humiliating

vocabulary.com

Vocabulary list 2

1. ramifications
2. conducive
3. marginal
4. to seek
5. denunciation
6. implicitly
7. confined to
8. confront
9. contain
10. unabated

• a complicated or unexpected result of an action or event /usually plural, formal
• consequences, aftereffects, aftermaths, repercussions, backwashes

• последствия, результат

ramifications

• a complicated or unexpected result of an action or event /usually plural, formal
• consequences, aftereffects, aftermaths, repercussions, backwashes

• последствия, результат

ramifications

collocations

ramifications

collocations

• environmental
• unforeseen
• extend far beyond
• have wider
• of world politics
• on the public's perception
• on the public's perception

vocabulary.com

• providing the right conditions for something to exist or happen
• beneficial, contributive/tory, facilitative

• способствующий, ведущий к чему-то, благоприятный

conducive

• providing the right conditions for something to exist or happen
• beneficial, contributive/tory, facilitative

• способствующий, ведущий к чему-то, благоприятный

conducive

collocations

conducive

collocations

• to learning, economic growth, creativity
• environment, climate, atmosphere for
• create, encourage an environment conducive to

vocabulary.com

• very small, or not considered important or relevant
• slight, minor, minimal, insignificant, irrelevant, negligible

• незначительный, несущественный

marginal

• very small, or not considered important or relevant
• slight, minor, minimal, insignificant, irrelevant, negligible

• незначительный, несущественный

marginal

collocations

marginally marginalize marginality

marginal

collocations

marginally marginalize marginality

• effect, impact
• figure, player
• role
• territorial gains

vocabulary.com

• to try or attempt to do or to get something
• pursue, look for, struggle, strive, aspire to

• добиваться, стараться, стремиться

to seek

• to try or attempt to do or to get something
• pursue, look for, struggle, strive, aspire to

• добиваться, стараться, стремиться

to seek

collocations

seeker seeking

to seek

collocations

seeker seeking

• to improve, provide, ensure, make, understand
• a solution, answer to
• the advice, assistance, help of
• an extension, a promotion

vocabulary.com

• very strong public criticism of somebody or smth
• condemnation, criticism, accusation, censure

• осуждение, обвинение, разоблачение

denunciation

• very strong public criticism of somebody or smth
• condemnation, criticism, accusation, censure

• осуждение, обвинение, разоблачение

denunciation

collocations

denounce denounced denouncer

denunciation

collocations

denounce denounced denouncer

• strong, affirmative ~
• unilateral
• means of
• repeated
• strong bipartisan

vocabulary.com

• in a way that is suggested, but not communicated directly
• indirectly, tacitly, in a way that can be inferred

• косвенно, непрямо, имплицитно

implicitly

• in a way that is suggested, but not communicated directly
• indirectly, tacitly, in a way that can be inferred

• косвенно, непрямо, имплицитно

implicitly

collocations

implicit imply

implicitly

collocations

implicit imply

• acknowledge, suggest
• endorse
• overrule past decisions
• both explicitly and implicitly
• promised

vocabulary.com

• to happen only in one area or affect only one group of people /always passive/
• to control, limit, restrict, contain

• ограничивать(ся), удерживать (ся), локализовать(ся)

to be confined to

• to happen only in one area or affect only one group of people /always passive/
• to control, limit, restrict, contain

• ограничивать(ся), удерживать (ся), локализовать(ся)

to be confined to

collocations

confine confined confinement confines

to be confined to

collocations

confine confined confinement confines

• confined to [cell, room]
• confined himself to his [study, office] to [work, finish]
• traditionally women have been confined to [supporting roles, the kitchen, the home]
• try not to confine yourself to.

vocabulary.com

• to have to deal with a problem or difficult situation /often passive/
• to face, to address, to tackle, to deal with

• столкнуться

to confront

• to have to deal with a problem or difficult situation /often passive/
• to face, to address, to tackle, to deal with

• столкнуться

to confront

collocations

confronted

to confront

collocations

confronted

• confront the [press, reporters, cameras]
• protesters, workers
• [a difficult, an impossible] task
• [reality, the facts]

vocabulary.com

• to prevent something harmful from spreading to other people or places
• restrain, arrest, control, hold in, curb

• сдерживать, удерживать ограничивать

to contain

• to prevent something harmful from spreading to other people or places
• restrain, arrest, control, hold in, curb

• сдерживать, удерживать ограничивать

to contain

collocations

containment contained

to contain

collocations

containment contained

• the rebel movement
• excitement, emotions
• the massive blaze
• rising prices
• inflation

vocabulary.com

• without any reduction in intensity or strength /formal
• ceaseless, constant, relentless, inexorable

• неослабленный, неуменьшенный

unabated

• without any reduction in intensity or strength /formal
• ceaseless, constant, relentless, inexorable

• неослабленный, неуменьшенный

unabated

collocations

unabated

collocations

• speed
• growth 
• continue, persist, rage 

vocabulary.com

Is the world population declining?

Is the world population declining?

Is the world's population growing or shrinking? What are the consequencies of a shrinking population? Are rising childcare costs a factor in population decline? What is the relation between immigration and population? Do policies need to change to address population decline? Why are nordic countries struggling? How can fertility rates be improved? How worried should politicians be about shrinking population?

peril upend scramble massive/ seismic shift profound change contributing factor composition ensure obvious quantify byproduct destructive emergence cohort in a row

shrivel redistribute reproduce reverse reduction temporary solution supercharged potential incentive/ incetivize extreme examples useful analogy accurate predictions sensible way

1. demographic model/ transition
2. sustainable model
3. economic impact/ geopolitical implication
4. maintain a stable population size
5. shrinking labour force/ labour shortage
6. fertility/ birth/mortality rate/ longevity
7. poor provision of childcare
8. educational attainment
9. sexist social norms
10. address global population decline
11. departed from the market
12. huge rates of inactivity
13. maternity/ paternity leave
14. late chilbearing/ anti-natal
15. infancy

~ goal ~ partner ~ enemy The ICJ, which is based in the Hague in the Netherlands, is the UN's principal legal body.

обратный; противоположный

• reverse a decision 
• to reverse the order
• tactical reverse

Reverse

|rɪˈvɜːs|

основательные /кардинальные/ перемены

profound change

бороться, с трудом сделать

Scramble

Zimbabwe now joins the regional scramble to find enough maize on the international market.

|ˈskræmb(ə)l|

~ to inform ~ opportunities ~ significant changes Mr. Biden is seeking to address a border situation that he recently called “chaos,” and Mr. Trump has vowed to shut the door after record numbers crossed the border under the Biden administration.

~ intervention ~ role, part The BBC’s Frances Mao explains why its election is a key one to watch in a geopolitically crucial region.

перевернуть

Upend

• primary objective
• specific objectives

|ʌpˈend|

The election and the potential for a Republican takeover is prompting concern that key parts of the law could be upended.

появление, возникновение

Emergence

• emergence of a tendency

|ɪˈmɜːdʒ(ə)ns|

повышенный, усиленный потенциал

Supercharged potential

способствующий фактор

contributing factor

сейсмический сдвиг

seismic shift

сокращение, уменьшение

Reduction

• arms reduction
• reduction in area

|rɪˈdʌkʃ(ə)n|

furious ~ forceful ~ sternest ~ China’s foreign minister this weekend accused Israel of going too far in its reprisals in Gaza, echoing an earlier denunciation by Egypt.

перераспределять

Redistribute

• to redistribute land
• redistribute income

|ˌriːdɪˈstrɪbjuːt|

побочный продукт

Byproduct

• hazardous byproduct
• toxic byproduct

|ˈbaɪprɒdʌkt|

include rebuking associates with Because Europe’s current security architecture is built around NATO, the assertion that a new, balanced one is needed implicitly questions the Atlantic alliance.

Developers expect markets to eventually normalize, making it easier to obtain financing.

mortgage rates ~ ~ security spending package ~ by legal challenges It was also intended to stall China’s efforts to develop advanced military technology.

the possibility of confronting economic crisis and political upheaval the full spectrum of global security challenges With some African countries confronting economic crisis and political upheaval, and Europe cracking down on immigration, many more Africans are making the far longer journey to the U.S.

истощиться, снизиться, исчезнуть

Shrivel

Popular support for the party shrivelled.

|ʃrɪv(ə)l|

Attacks on civilians in Syria continue unabated and unresolved, leaving Syrians trapped in a never-ending cycle of tragedy and despair.

~ to peace, stability and development of the world ~ to regional peace, stability and prosperity A climate conducive to safety conditions conducive to “A healthy and stable relationship is in the fundamental interests of the two countries and peoples, and is conducive to regional and world peace and stability,” Wang said.

подряд

• several times in a row
• four nights in a row

In a row

~ political activism ~ the assets ~ the fleet Increasingly, automated systems, using sensors that measure the position, curvature, alignment and other elements, have augmented the inspections and provided a wealth of data.

очевидный, ясный

• obvious advantage
• an obvious reason 

Obvious

|ˈɒbvɪəs|

~ on the society ~ a far-reaching impact ~ of natural disasters ~ the broader economic impact The Biden administration said on Friday that it would halt the approval of new licenses for such shipments as it scrutinizes their environmental impact.

разрушительный, пагубный

Destructive

• the destructive power
• destructive effect 

|dɪˈstrʌktɪv|

The school is concerned about the destructive behavior of a few students.

воспроизводить, размножаться, возобновить

Reproduce

• reproduce a copy
• reproduce a play 

|riːprəˈdjuːs|

British scientists have so far been unable to reproduce these results.

a marginal humanitarian donor marginal victory marginal progress The Labour Party has suspended its leadership team in a key marginal seat after a row over who should represent the party at the next general election.

~ tied to ~ linked ~ inaccessible Experts agree that, with climate change so intrinsically connected with human health, the most effective preventative measure will be to curb emissions.

стимул, побуждение

Incentive

• incentive pay 
• powerful / strong incentive 
• employee incentive 

|ɪnˈsentɪv|

когорта, группа, отряд

Cohort

• birth cohort 
• age-cohort population 

|ˈkəʊhɔːt|

временное решение

Temporary solution

|ˈtemp(ə)rərɪ|

~ position ~ contact ~ presence With polls showing that Mr. Trump maintains a strong grip on the party’s conservative base, the question about his running mate is sure to draw far more attention.

contain China’s tech supply chain Headlines were warning all year about impending recession as the Federal Reserve raised interest rates to cool growth and contain inflation.

to particular specialties to the internet to big cities to a certain period of time As footage of the attack circulated on social media, people feared the war would not remain confined to the border area and its surroundings.

~ conventional racism ~ conventional Democratic thinking ~ conventional conflict ~ conventional view Even as China upgraded its conventional forces starting in the 1990s, its nuclear arsenal grew incrementally.

~ far-reaching ~ sweeping ~ long-lasting ~ worldwide It was an extraordinarily major, social intervention with huge economic and social ramifications.

определять количество

Quantify

|ˈkwɒntɪfaɪ|

The cost of unemployment to the government is quite easily quantifiable.

обеспечивать, гарантировать

Ensure

• to ensure independence
• to ensure an income

|ɪnˈʃʊə|

Each experiment is performed twice to ensure accuracy.

опасность, риск

Peril

• the peril of nuclear war

|ˈperɪl|

The economy is now in grave peril.

~ to climate change ~ to the influence of ~ to high inflation ~ to a broader cultural shift The Interior Ministry attributed the delay to a “lack of connectivity” related to security precautions.

состав, композиция, структура

composition

• qualitative composition
• quantitative composition

Scientists study the composition of the soil.