Cognitivism
Behaviorism
Constructivism
Learning Theories
Click on the buttons above to learn about each learning theory
Connectivism
Sociocultural
Adult Learning Theory
Behaviorism
Characteristics: Behavorism revolves around looking at observable behaviors, and not the internal mental states. Most behavorists view the mind as a "black box"(Meacham, 2022) Learning is defined as changes in behaviors because of external factors conditioning. Behavorism also focuses on promoting behaviors through reinforcement and praise to help change behaviors. Role of Memory:In behaviorism, memory is primarily concerned with what we can see and observe in terms of behaviors and performace. It is seen as a place where learned information is stored, based on principles like conditioning , repetition, and reinforment. The focus is on what is externally visible, while the internal mentoal processes are not extensively studied or explored.
How Learning Occurs: In behaviorism, learning happens through two main types of conditioning they are called classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally produces a response Operant conditioning focuseds on the relationship between behaviors and their consequences. Through reinforcement and punishment, behavior can be shaped. Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior reoccuring, while punishment decreases its from happening.
Adult Learning Theory
Characteristics: Adult leanring theories charactersistics vary. Learners in this theory are self directed and automonous. They choose when and what they would like to learn. Typically they prefer to build their own knowledge on something they have already learned before. They would like to learn practical skills that help solve problems and work better. (O' Neil, 2022) Adults have specific goals and prefer learning experiences that help them achieve those goals. They are more motivated when they can see how the learning content is connected to their desired outcomes. Role of Memory: Because adult draw on their past experiences, they particpate in reflective thinking which allows them to think about past learning experiences. Also long and short term memory is prevelant. When adults can recall and apply what they have learned in different situations, they can transfer their knowledge and skills to real-life settings, such as their work environment or daily life. How Learning Occurs According to adult learning principles, adults are self-directed learners who need to understand the relevance of what they are learning before undertaking it. Adults are driven by internal motivation and orient their learning around problems or situations they encounter in real-life. They have extensive life experiences that should be utilized in the learning process. Adults desire information that can be applied immediately, rather than learning subject matter in a content-focused manner. (Knowles, 1980) Types of Learning In adult learning theory, there are three key types of learning that cater to the characteristics of adult learners. Self-directed learning emphasizes adults' autonomy and their ability to take charge of their learning process. Experiential learning focuses on adults learning through direct experiences and reflection. Collaborative learning recognizes the importance of social interaction and learning from others. These types of learning often intersect and complement each other, allowing adult learners to actively engage, apply knowledge to real-life situations, and benefit from the collective wisdom and diverse perspectives of their peers.
Cognitvism
Characterisitcs Cognitivism can be seen in different learning situations, whether in education or other contexts where new learning occurs. It includes explicit learning, where facts and details are directly taught, and implicit learning, where learners are exposed to examples without explicitly pointing out the desired information. Meaningful learning connects concepts to personal interests, making them relevant to learners. Discovery learning gives students the tools and resources to explore and discover information themselves or solve problems independently. Cognitivism looks at active engagement, critical thinking, and connecting new knowledge to prior experiences. It focuses on meaningful learning experiences and the development of cognitive abilities. (Morales, 2023) Schema is also very important, as it helps build more background knowledge on certain topics that are new to learners.
Role of Memory Memory is important in cognitivism for leanring and cognitive processes. It involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information. There are diferent types of memory, including sensory, short term, and long term memory. Learning happens when new information is actively processed and integrated into long term memory. Memory can be like stored information using cues and context. There are ecocding strategies like organization and repeption to help with learning. How Learning Occurs Learning can occur through diferent outlets. In the classroom a teacher can use visualizations to recall facts and or understanding, learners be an active participant in class, and asking learners to reflect on what they have learned so far during instruction. Learning is also shocased through communication such as discussions and justifying their thinking on a topic being discussed. (Main, 2022) It does not involve reptition or memorization. Types of Learning The types of learning vary in cognitivism, There is explicit learning, implicit learning, meaningful, discovery based, and problem based learning. Each of these different ypes of learning require the learner to be actively engaged make meaningful connections and use critical thinking. Rach type of learning is different, however will help with the learning prorcesses.
Sociocultural Theory
Characterisitcs Sociocultural theory focuses on the social, collaborative nature of learning and cognition. It highlights on how cultural background and social interactions shape the mind. Lev Vygotsky viewed language as the main tool used to share meaning and expereinces interpersonally, transmitting knowledge from one generation to the next. Guided participation with a teacher or with an adult with more knowledge also occurs. Other allows learners to perform skills they cannot yet do alone, promoting cognitive growth through this called the "Zone of Proximal Development". Socio-cultural activities, language, and social guidance from experts thus facilitate the development of higher order thinking skills and functions (Vygotsky, 1978). Role of Memory Memory is created through conversaions with others. Humas are influenced by others and the language wie used with each other. Conversations, experiences, and a collbrative recall of events can help develop memory. When we talk with others and or have guided partipcation is can help store and strengthen knowledge retention. As children interact socially, they advance through remember some bits, equences and structires as they grow and develop. How Learning Occurs This theory emphasizes that human learning is primarily a social process, and our cognitive functions are shaped by our interactions with others, especially those who possess greater skills or knowledge. Our psychological development is significantly influenced by individuals who assume the roles of mentors in our lives, such as caregivers and educators. These mentors play a crucial role in guiding and supporting our learning journey. By providing guidance, feedback, and scaffolding, mentors facilitate our cognitive growth and help us acquire new knowledge and skills. (Main, 2023) Types of Learning Learning is viewd as a socal and cultural process that occurs through actions with sociery and others. There are three types of learning in this theory: Zone of proximal development, social l earning, and cultural tools and artifacts. In the Zone of Proximal Development, Learning in the ZPD occurs when a learner engages in tasks or activities that are just beyond their current level of competence but can be accomplished with the guidance and support of a more skilled person. Social learning refers to the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, and attitudes through social interactions with others. And lastly, Sociocultural theory emphasizes the role of cultural tools and artifacts in the learning process. Cultural tools can include language, symbols, signs, technologies, and other resources that are created and used within a particular culture. These tools mediate and shape individuals' thinking and learning.
Constructivism
CharacteristicsConstructivism is an educational theory that emphasizes active learning during the learning process. Learners are encouraged to discover knowledge for themselves. Another characteristic is social interaction. Students build new knowledge through communicating with peers and others understanding new experiences. Another characteristic of constructivism is problem-solving. Typically students are presented with real life perspectives and viewpoints. Role of Memory In constructivism learning as seen as an active process where individuals construct their own knowledge and understanding through interactions with the environment and others. According to Jonassen (1991 learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based on their current past knowledge. This means that learners actively engage with new information and experiences making sense of them in relation to their existing knowledge and beliefs. Learners engage in activities that require them to think critically and participate in the learning process. How Learning Occurs Learning occurs through active engagement and how the learner interprets what they're listening to. Instead of just
receiving information learners interact with the environment and problem solve the information with what they knew about the topic and experiences. Interaction and collaboration is huge and constructive us learning learners benefit from discussions, sharing perspectives and collaborating with others. Types of Learning Different types of learning that happen in constructivism one that is very popular is considered collaborative learning. Collaborative learning is where learners use discussion and different activities to understand new concepts. Another type of learning is problem based learning. Problem based learning is using real world problems or challenges where the learners have to solve on their own and with others. This types of learning encourages critical thinking and inquiry
Connectivism
CharacteristicsConnectivism understands that learning doesn't only happen on our own but also through connecting with others. It emphasizes the value of building and keeping connections with different sources of information and people in a larger network. It also recognizes that technology is important for learning. It encourages using digital tools, online platforms, and information resources to find and share knowledge. Technology helps learners explore a lot of information, work together with others, and be part of online communities. Connectivism promotes learning that happens outside of an individual, such as through social media, online networks, blogs, or information databases. (Connectivism Learning Theory ,2022)
Role of Memory In connectivism, learning is about making connections and finding information in networks. The role of learning is to search for and interact with different sources of information, understand how things are connected, and keep learning and changing as things evolve. Learning in connectivism is not just about memorizing facts, but about using information in real-life situations. How Learning Occurs Connectivism has 8 main principles: 1. Learning and knowledge rests in the diversity of opinions. 2.Learning is a process of connecting. 3. Learning may reside in non-human appliances. 4. Learning is more critical than knowing. 5. Nurturing and maintaining connections are needed for continual learning. 6. The ability to see connections between fields, ideas, and concepts is a core skill. 7Accurate, up-to-date knowledge is the aim of all connectivist learning. 8. Decision-making is a learning process. What we know today might change tomorrow. While there’s a right answer now, it might be wrong tomorrow due to the constantly changing information climate. (Connectivism Learning Theory, 2022) Types of Learning Connectivism encompasses various types of learning within networked environments. Learners engage in networked learning by connecting and interacting with diverse sources of information and individuals. They also embrace self-directed learning, taking charge of their educational journey by setting goals and seeking out relevant resources. Collaborative learning is emphasized, as learners collaborate with others to exchange ideas and co-construct knowledge. Lifelong learning is a key aspect, as learners continuously adapt and update their knowledge and skills. Participatory learning encourages active engagement in online communities, while critical thinking skills enable learners to evaluate information sources effectively. Overall, connectivism promotes active, collaborative, and lifelong learning in networked environments.
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Transcript
Cognitivism
Behaviorism
Constructivism
Learning Theories
Click on the buttons above to learn about each learning theory
Connectivism
Sociocultural
Adult Learning Theory
Behaviorism
Characteristics: Behavorism revolves around looking at observable behaviors, and not the internal mental states. Most behavorists view the mind as a "black box"(Meacham, 2022) Learning is defined as changes in behaviors because of external factors conditioning. Behavorism also focuses on promoting behaviors through reinforcement and praise to help change behaviors. Role of Memory:In behaviorism, memory is primarily concerned with what we can see and observe in terms of behaviors and performace. It is seen as a place where learned information is stored, based on principles like conditioning , repetition, and reinforment. The focus is on what is externally visible, while the internal mentoal processes are not extensively studied or explored.
How Learning Occurs: In behaviorism, learning happens through two main types of conditioning they are called classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally produces a response Operant conditioning focuseds on the relationship between behaviors and their consequences. Through reinforcement and punishment, behavior can be shaped. Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior reoccuring, while punishment decreases its from happening.
Adult Learning Theory
Characteristics: Adult leanring theories charactersistics vary. Learners in this theory are self directed and automonous. They choose when and what they would like to learn. Typically they prefer to build their own knowledge on something they have already learned before. They would like to learn practical skills that help solve problems and work better. (O' Neil, 2022) Adults have specific goals and prefer learning experiences that help them achieve those goals. They are more motivated when they can see how the learning content is connected to their desired outcomes. Role of Memory: Because adult draw on their past experiences, they particpate in reflective thinking which allows them to think about past learning experiences. Also long and short term memory is prevelant. When adults can recall and apply what they have learned in different situations, they can transfer their knowledge and skills to real-life settings, such as their work environment or daily life. How Learning Occurs According to adult learning principles, adults are self-directed learners who need to understand the relevance of what they are learning before undertaking it. Adults are driven by internal motivation and orient their learning around problems or situations they encounter in real-life. They have extensive life experiences that should be utilized in the learning process. Adults desire information that can be applied immediately, rather than learning subject matter in a content-focused manner. (Knowles, 1980) Types of Learning In adult learning theory, there are three key types of learning that cater to the characteristics of adult learners. Self-directed learning emphasizes adults' autonomy and their ability to take charge of their learning process. Experiential learning focuses on adults learning through direct experiences and reflection. Collaborative learning recognizes the importance of social interaction and learning from others. These types of learning often intersect and complement each other, allowing adult learners to actively engage, apply knowledge to real-life situations, and benefit from the collective wisdom and diverse perspectives of their peers.
Cognitvism
Characterisitcs Cognitivism can be seen in different learning situations, whether in education or other contexts where new learning occurs. It includes explicit learning, where facts and details are directly taught, and implicit learning, where learners are exposed to examples without explicitly pointing out the desired information. Meaningful learning connects concepts to personal interests, making them relevant to learners. Discovery learning gives students the tools and resources to explore and discover information themselves or solve problems independently. Cognitivism looks at active engagement, critical thinking, and connecting new knowledge to prior experiences. It focuses on meaningful learning experiences and the development of cognitive abilities. (Morales, 2023) Schema is also very important, as it helps build more background knowledge on certain topics that are new to learners.
Role of Memory Memory is important in cognitivism for leanring and cognitive processes. It involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information. There are diferent types of memory, including sensory, short term, and long term memory. Learning happens when new information is actively processed and integrated into long term memory. Memory can be like stored information using cues and context. There are ecocding strategies like organization and repeption to help with learning. How Learning Occurs Learning can occur through diferent outlets. In the classroom a teacher can use visualizations to recall facts and or understanding, learners be an active participant in class, and asking learners to reflect on what they have learned so far during instruction. Learning is also shocased through communication such as discussions and justifying their thinking on a topic being discussed. (Main, 2022) It does not involve reptition or memorization. Types of Learning The types of learning vary in cognitivism, There is explicit learning, implicit learning, meaningful, discovery based, and problem based learning. Each of these different ypes of learning require the learner to be actively engaged make meaningful connections and use critical thinking. Rach type of learning is different, however will help with the learning prorcesses.
Sociocultural Theory
Characterisitcs Sociocultural theory focuses on the social, collaborative nature of learning and cognition. It highlights on how cultural background and social interactions shape the mind. Lev Vygotsky viewed language as the main tool used to share meaning and expereinces interpersonally, transmitting knowledge from one generation to the next. Guided participation with a teacher or with an adult with more knowledge also occurs. Other allows learners to perform skills they cannot yet do alone, promoting cognitive growth through this called the "Zone of Proximal Development". Socio-cultural activities, language, and social guidance from experts thus facilitate the development of higher order thinking skills and functions (Vygotsky, 1978). Role of Memory Memory is created through conversaions with others. Humas are influenced by others and the language wie used with each other. Conversations, experiences, and a collbrative recall of events can help develop memory. When we talk with others and or have guided partipcation is can help store and strengthen knowledge retention. As children interact socially, they advance through remember some bits, equences and structires as they grow and develop. How Learning Occurs This theory emphasizes that human learning is primarily a social process, and our cognitive functions are shaped by our interactions with others, especially those who possess greater skills or knowledge. Our psychological development is significantly influenced by individuals who assume the roles of mentors in our lives, such as caregivers and educators. These mentors play a crucial role in guiding and supporting our learning journey. By providing guidance, feedback, and scaffolding, mentors facilitate our cognitive growth and help us acquire new knowledge and skills. (Main, 2023) Types of Learning Learning is viewd as a socal and cultural process that occurs through actions with sociery and others. There are three types of learning in this theory: Zone of proximal development, social l earning, and cultural tools and artifacts. In the Zone of Proximal Development, Learning in the ZPD occurs when a learner engages in tasks or activities that are just beyond their current level of competence but can be accomplished with the guidance and support of a more skilled person. Social learning refers to the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, and attitudes through social interactions with others. And lastly, Sociocultural theory emphasizes the role of cultural tools and artifacts in the learning process. Cultural tools can include language, symbols, signs, technologies, and other resources that are created and used within a particular culture. These tools mediate and shape individuals' thinking and learning.
Constructivism
CharacteristicsConstructivism is an educational theory that emphasizes active learning during the learning process. Learners are encouraged to discover knowledge for themselves. Another characteristic is social interaction. Students build new knowledge through communicating with peers and others understanding new experiences. Another characteristic of constructivism is problem-solving. Typically students are presented with real life perspectives and viewpoints. Role of Memory In constructivism learning as seen as an active process where individuals construct their own knowledge and understanding through interactions with the environment and others. According to Jonassen (1991 learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based on their current past knowledge. This means that learners actively engage with new information and experiences making sense of them in relation to their existing knowledge and beliefs. Learners engage in activities that require them to think critically and participate in the learning process. How Learning Occurs Learning occurs through active engagement and how the learner interprets what they're listening to. Instead of just
receiving information learners interact with the environment and problem solve the information with what they knew about the topic and experiences. Interaction and collaboration is huge and constructive us learning learners benefit from discussions, sharing perspectives and collaborating with others. Types of Learning Different types of learning that happen in constructivism one that is very popular is considered collaborative learning. Collaborative learning is where learners use discussion and different activities to understand new concepts. Another type of learning is problem based learning. Problem based learning is using real world problems or challenges where the learners have to solve on their own and with others. This types of learning encourages critical thinking and inquiry
Connectivism
CharacteristicsConnectivism understands that learning doesn't only happen on our own but also through connecting with others. It emphasizes the value of building and keeping connections with different sources of information and people in a larger network. It also recognizes that technology is important for learning. It encourages using digital tools, online platforms, and information resources to find and share knowledge. Technology helps learners explore a lot of information, work together with others, and be part of online communities. Connectivism promotes learning that happens outside of an individual, such as through social media, online networks, blogs, or information databases. (Connectivism Learning Theory ,2022)
Role of Memory In connectivism, learning is about making connections and finding information in networks. The role of learning is to search for and interact with different sources of information, understand how things are connected, and keep learning and changing as things evolve. Learning in connectivism is not just about memorizing facts, but about using information in real-life situations. How Learning Occurs Connectivism has 8 main principles: 1. Learning and knowledge rests in the diversity of opinions. 2.Learning is a process of connecting. 3. Learning may reside in non-human appliances. 4. Learning is more critical than knowing. 5. Nurturing and maintaining connections are needed for continual learning. 6. The ability to see connections between fields, ideas, and concepts is a core skill. 7Accurate, up-to-date knowledge is the aim of all connectivist learning. 8. Decision-making is a learning process. What we know today might change tomorrow. While there’s a right answer now, it might be wrong tomorrow due to the constantly changing information climate. (Connectivism Learning Theory, 2022) Types of Learning Connectivism encompasses various types of learning within networked environments. Learners engage in networked learning by connecting and interacting with diverse sources of information and individuals. They also embrace self-directed learning, taking charge of their educational journey by setting goals and seeking out relevant resources. Collaborative learning is emphasized, as learners collaborate with others to exchange ideas and co-construct knowledge. Lifelong learning is a key aspect, as learners continuously adapt and update their knowledge and skills. Participatory learning encourages active engagement in online communities, while critical thinking skills enable learners to evaluate information sources effectively. Overall, connectivism promotes active, collaborative, and lifelong learning in networked environments.