2024 1.3 THE CELL

1.3 THE CELL

MR. ALEJANDRO E. CRUZ VARGAS

pages 13- 24

CELLS ARE COMPLEX AND HIGHLY ORGANIZED CELLS POSSES THE ABILITY TO REPLICATE CELLS OBTAIN ENERGY CELLS INTERACT WITH THE ENVIRONMENT

BASIC STRUCTURAL FEATURES Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Genetic material

7 micrometers Erythrocytes

CYTOPLASM

cytosol organelles cytoskeleton

Genetic Material

WHAT ARE CELLS ?

CELL TYPES

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First organisms in the planet Unicellular without nucleus Include bacteria and archaea (1 to 2 micrometers) Genetic material in cytoplasm (nucleoid) Surrounded by a rigid cell wall (peptidoglycan) Different forms

ARCHAEA

Archaea

Some form a capsule (mucus layer) to adhere to surfaces Some have flagella (rotate and propel the cell) Pili (proteins on surface of cell wall) Genetic material in cytoplasm (nucleoid) They have plasmids

Characteristics of eukaryotic cells

Most important:Presence of the nucleus Membranous compartment More complex

ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS

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The cell wall

Mainly cellulose fibers allows passage of carbon dioxide, oxygen and water. They also have plasmodesmata

NUCLEUS

Nuclear envelope: perforated with pores to passage of ions and regulate the course of proteins and RNA. Chromatin: granular looking substance in the nucleus (when not dividing) = DNA and proteins Nucleolus: Manufactures ribosomes Ribosomes: site for protein synthesis

ORGANELLES

Organelles with membranes: Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex Vesicles Mitochondria Lysosomes Central vacuole Chloroplast Peroxisomes

Organelles without membranes:Ribosomes Centrioles

VESICLES

Tiny sac-like organelles that transport or release biological molecules into or outside the cell

Lysosomes: vesicles containing digestive enzymes to breakdown lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and sugars

VESICLES

Peroxisomes: vesicles that contain enzymes to breakdown long chains of fatty acids or amino acids

VACUOLES

Central vacuole in plants: store waste, debris, toxic residues also stores nutrients or ions also store pigments

MITOCHONDRIA

Double membrane organelleInner membrane forms cristae Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria They produce ATP

CHLOROPLAST

Double membrane organelleInner membrane encloses the stroma Thylakoids are membraneous sacs in the stroma Chlorophyll is found in the membrane of thylakoids

CHLOROPHYLL

ORGANELLES WITHOUT MEMBRANES

Ribosomes: a large and a small subunit. Synthesize proteins, found in the rough ER. Cytoskeleton: protein fibers that support the cell and give shape, includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules. Centrioles: microtubules arrenged in a cilinder in the centrosome and the function is organize proteins in cell division

CELL STRUCTURE

THE END

MR. ALEJANDRO E. CRUZ VARGAS

What is a cell ?

Why do cells use energy ?

TRUE or FALSEAll cells have genetic material

What is the cytoskeleton ?

What are the postulates of the cell theory

Main difference from prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

What is the nucleoid?

How different are Archaea from bacteria ?

What are pili ?

How would you describe a prokaryotic cell ?

Explain the structure of the cell membrane.

What is the cell wall made up in plant cells and what are plasmodesmata?

What is chromatin?

What are the three basic structures found in all cells?

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

What the function of peroxisomes?

What is function of lysosomes?

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

What is the function of the central vacuole?

What are plasmids?

Where is ATP produced?

What is ATP ?