Morphological changes of injury and cellular adaptation

Morphological changes of injury and cellular adaptation

Jesus Stivent Zuñiga

Generalities

All living organisms are made up of cells (one or billions of them).

A cell divides continuously, giving rise to the complex tissues and organs and systems of a developed organismn.

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The cell is the smallest unit of living matter, capable of carrying out all the activities necessary to maintain life

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The cell is the anatomical, physiological and pathological unit of living beings.

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ATROPHY

1. Reduction in the size of an organ or tissue secondary to a reduction in the number and size of cells.s.

3. Pathological Atrophy: It depends on the underlying cause and can be local or generalized

2. Physiological Atrophy: Frequent during normal development. (Ex: size of the uterus decreases shortly after delivery).

CAUSES OF ATROPHY

** Reduced workload (disuse atrophy)**Loss of innervation (denervation atrophy) **Loss of endocrine stimulation **Improper nutrition **Reduced irrigation **Pressure

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Hypertrophy

increase in cell size

*In response to an increased job or role*Greater structural synthesis, increase in organ size *may coexist with hyperplasia

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Hyperplasia

increase in the number of cells

*increase in the number of mitosis*It can be physiological( Hormonal, Compensator) *Pathological(Excess hormones or growth factors on target cells)

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EXAMPLES Endometrial hyperplasia. Prostatic hyperplasia

METAPLASY

It is a reversible change in which a differentiated cell (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another type of cell..

Replacing cells that are better at surviving under circumstances in which a more fragile cell type may succumb. Reversible

It may be an adaptive replacement of cells that are sensitive to stress with other cell types that better resist this adverse environment.

CELL INJURY AND DEATH

Cells are injured in many ways. The degree to which the harmful agent causes cell injury and death depends largely on the intensity and duration of the injury, and the type of cell affected.

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Apoptosis

* Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death.*Takes place during the early stages of development to eliminate unnecessary cells *Benefits the body as a whole

NECROSIS

Pathological death of a group of cells or any tissue in the body, due to a harmful agent that has caused an injury so serious that it cannot be repaired or cured

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