future forms st

Future Forms

CAE

will

shall

be going to

present contiuous

present simple

Future continuous

review and check 1

Future perfect simple

review and check 2

Future perfect continuous

Time clauses

review and check 3

Other ways to express the future

will

Predictions.

1. It looks as if Jake will lose his job.
2. In all probability, nothing much will change.
3. Maybe they'll arrive a little later tonight.
4. I think it will rain.
5. I am sure you will pass your driving test
6. It'll probably be OK.
7. Perhaps it will snow tomorrow
8. It is (more than) likely that the votes will have to be counted again.
9. There's little/not much prospect that this war will be over soon.

will

The factory will open in July.

Future facts.

I know! I’ll ask for a pay rise tomorrow.

Decisions made at the moment of speaking.

I’ll help you with the advertising campaign

Offers at the time of speaking.

1. I promise you you won’t lose your job.
2. I don't have time today, but I can assure you I will finish it tomorrow.

Promises.

will

Requests

No, I won’t give a presentation on the sales figures.

Refusals (won’t).

The tour will begin at 9.30 and all visitors to the site will need to wear good walking shoes.

Arrangements which have been made in some detail.*

Will you give a presentation on the sales figures?

will

For requests we can also use would, could or can. Would and could are more polite than will and can.

No, I couldn't/can't give a presentation on the sales figures.

For refusals, we can also use couldn't or can't. Couldn't is more polite than won't and can't.

Would/Could/Can you give a presentation on the sales figures?

Shall

We can use shall for the future, but only in the first person, after I or we.

We shall remember this day forever.

We use shall instead of will with I and we in rather formal contexts to make predictions and to talk about intentions or decisions. (It is much less common than will.)

1. I will be / I shall be on holiday in August.
2. We will know/ We shall know the results soon.

Shall

• Shall is used mostly in the questions shall I...? / shall we...?
• For offers and suggestions in the question form, with I and we, we use shall not will.
• For offers we use (Shall I/we...?)
• For suggestions we use (Shall we...?)
• It expresses the idea to the listener of Do you want to...? It asks somebody's opinion.
• We also use shall to ask for suggestions or advice.

1. Shall I help you with the advertising campaign? (offer)
2. Shall we discuss this in the morning? (suggestion).
3. Shall we go and see that new movie? (suggestion).
4. I've got no money. What shall I do? (=What do you suggest?)
5. What shall we have for lunch? (=What do you suggest?)

Shall

We use shall we? in question tags after let's.

Let's forget about it now and talk about something else, shall we?

Shall: typical error We use should, not shall, for advice and suggestions when it is not a question:

• In my opinion, we should book another hotel.

• (Not: In my opinion, we shall book another hotel.)

Shall

Shall as a modal can be used with all person subjects.We can use shall (or will) to express: determination on the part of the speaker.

1. We lost a battle, but we shall never give up!
2. You shall have whatever you want (=I promise that you will have...)
3. I shall never forget where I came from (= I promise that I will never...)
4. The enemy shall not pass (=we are determined not to let them pass)
5. You shall apologize.
6. You shall regret this.
7. They shall pay dearly.

Shall

Shall can be used for decisions made on the part of the speaker.

We propose/agree/have decided that each member of the club shall be asked to pay a subscription. (=be/ should be)

Shall can be used to emphasize that something will definitely happen.

1. The truth shall make you free. (predestination)
2. He shall become our next king. (predestination )
3. I'm afraid Mr. Smith shall become our new director. (inevitability)
4. Man shall explore the distant regions of the universe.

Shall

Shall can also be used for orders and formal instructions with all the persons.

1. You shall/will all stay behind for thirty minutes and clean this room.
2. You shall not lie. (= You are commanded not to lie.)
3. She shall obey my orders. (= She is commanded to obey my orders.)

1. This door shall be kept closed at all times.
2. A record shall be kept of all students arriving late to class (= school regulations)
3. Students shall remain silent throughout the exam.

Be going to

Predictions based on present evidence.

Look at that wall. It looks as if it’s going to fall down.

Intentions and plans that have already been decided before we speak.

1. I’m going to get my degree, then get a well-paid job.
2. I'm going to have a staycation this summer (=I had already decided this before I said it)

review 1

1. Philipp will be 15 next Wednesday. 2. They are going to get a new computer. 3. I think my mother will like this CD. 4. Paul's sister is going to have a baby. 5. They will arrive at about 4 in the afternoon. 6. Just a moment. I will help you with the bags. 7. In 2025 people will buy more hybrid cars. 8. Marvin is going to throw a party next week. 9. We are going to fly to Venice in June. 10. Look at the clouds! It is going to rain soon.

1. Philipp will be 15 next Wednesday 2. They are going to get a new computer. 3. I think my mother will like this CD. 4. Paul's sister is going to have a baby. 5. They will arrive at about 4 in the afternoon. 6. Just a moment. I will help you with the bags. 7. In 2025 people will buy more hybrid cars. 8. Marvin is going to throw a party next week. 9. We are going to fly to Venice in June. 10. Look at the clouds! It is going to rain soon.

Present continuous

1) Fixed plans or arrangements, especially social and travel arrangements. It generally indicates that something has been agreed with someone else

I’m meeting Fiona on Friday to discuss.

2) Intentions.

I’m asking for a pay rise tomorrow.

WATCH OUT! Both be going to and present continuous can be used for intentions. However, present continuous is not usually used for intentions in the distant future.

Present simple

Fixed future events (e.g. timetables and schedules). A scheduled or arranged event at a known time in the future.

1. The shop closes at 3 pm next Saturday.
2. My flight leaves at 11.30 this morning.
3. The university term starts at the beginning of October.

Future continuous

Situations in progress at a certain time in the future.

This time next week, I’ll be travelling round Russia on business

Situations which will happen in the future in the normal course of events.

The company Chairperson will be arriving on Thursday.

Habits or repeated actions at a point in the future

I think that, in the future, more and more people will be commuting to work by plane.

To appear very polite

Will you be needing anything to drink, Sir?

Future perfect simple

Completed situations before a certain time.

It looks as if Jake will have lost his job by the end of the week.

Continuing situations up to a certain time.

This time next month, I’ll have worked at the company for exactly 25 years.

Future perfect continuous

Continuing situations up to a certain time (emphasises duration).

This time next month, I’ll have been working at the company for exactly 25 years.

Time clauses

After many time words and phrases, such as when, while, once, as soon as, etc., we do not use will or be going to. We use:

I’ll give you a pay rise when you start working harder!

Present simple

I’ll give you a pay rise once you’re bringing in three new customers a week.

Present continuous

I’ll give you a pay rise as soon as you’ve proved you’re a hard worker.

Present perfect simple

I won’t give you a pay rise until you’ve been working here for three years.

Present perfect continuous

review

a) In twenty-four hours' time____________________ (I/relax) on my yatch. b) There's someone at the door.' That _____________________(be) the postman.' c) By the time you get back Harry _____________________ (leave). d) It's only a short trip. I _____________________ (be) back in an hour. e) What_____________________ (you/do) this Saturday evening? Would you like to go out? f) By the end of the week we _____________________ (decide) what to do. g) It_____________________ (not/be) long before Doctor Smith is here. h) We'll go to the park when you _____________________ (finish) your tea. i) It's very hot in here. I think I _____________________ (faint). j) What_____________________ (you/give) Ann for her birthday? Have you decided yet?

Other ways to express the future

1. be + full infinitive We use be + full infinitive to talk about events in the future. It's quite formal and is often used by journalists.

1. The prime minister is to open a new factory.(for formal announcements)
2. The motorway is to shut for maintenance.
3. The actor is to be awarded for his services to theatre.
4. Work is to begin this week on the new bridge across the Nile north of Aswan

Other ways to express the future

1. be + full infinitiveWe often use be to + infinitive in the if-clause in conditional sentences when talking about preconditions for something to happen.

1. If we are to catch that train, we shall have to leave now.
2. If I were to increase my offer from five hundred to five hundred and fifty pounds, would you be interested in selling me your car then?
3. If we are to solve the world's pollution problems, we must address environmental issues now.

Other ways to express the future

Be to + passive infinitive is often used when giving instructions. It is noticeable always on medicine bottles and can be seen on other official notices too:

1. To be taken three times a day after meals.
2. These benches are not to be removed from the changing rooms.
3. No food of any kind is to be taken into the examination room.

Other ways to express the future

2. be due + full infinitive We use be due + full infinitive to talk about scheduled events.

1. Ling's train is due to arrive at 9:37.
2. Jayeesh's parents are due to leave this evening.
3. Ivana's exam's due to finish at noon.

Other ways to express the future

3. be + sure / bound + full infinitiveWe use be + sure / bound + full infinitive to talk about a future event we are confident will happen

1. João's sure to be late. He always is.
2. Lenu was bound to win. She's so much better at tennis than Carmela.
3. It's bound to rain tomorrow. It always does when we have a picnic.

Other ways to express the future

4. present tense with a future meaning.We often use a present tense with a future meaning after verbs such as hope, plan, aim, intend, want and propose. The verb that follows is in the infinitive

1. Ela hopes to finish her studies and find a job next year.
2. Kate intends to buy a house after saving for a few years.
3. Sam plans to live abroad.

Other ways to express the future

5.to be (just) about to (used for the (very) near future)

Turn off the gas – the soup is about to boil over. Come on! The film’s about to start! It is sometimes used with just following the be word to give even more immediacy. Quick, jump in! The train is (just) about to leave.

Other ways to express the future

6. We use on the verge of / on the brink of for events that are going to happen very soon. These phrases are followed by nouns or gerunds (words made from verb + ing which act as a noun).

1. She is on the point of bursting into tears.
2. Researchers are on the verge of a breakthrough.
3. The volcano was on the verge of erupting.
4. The minister was on the brink of resigning.
5. The countries were on the verge of war.

Other ways to express the future

7. We use the continuous phrases be planning to do something, be aiming to do something, be thinking of doing something to talk about plans

1. Kevin is planning to walk across America
2. He's aiming to do it in less than 100 days
3. I am thinking of taking up French

Other ways to express the future

8. to be bound/certain/likely/unlikely to (to express certainty/possibility)

1. It's bound to be sunny again tomorrow.
2. They are certain to agree.

1. The mayors will ______ seeing the appointed prime-minister tomorrow. 2. It’s very hot in here. I think I am ______ to faint. 3. My flight is bound to be late, although it’s ______ at 9.00. 4. A complete ban on certain advertising in the EU is ______ come into effect at midnight tonight. 5. You won’t find many species left in the wild, ______ you? 6. I knew you ______ win the race because you have trained a lot. 7. They won’t fix his mobile ______ he shows them the receipt as proof of purchase. 8. ______ it comes down to it, the problems we are facing these days will not change.

review 3 CaE use of english part 2

1. The mayors will __BE__ 2. It’s very hot in here. I think I am_GOING__ 3. My flight is bound to be late, although it’s __DUE_ 4. A complete ban on certain advertising in the EU is __TO _. 5. You won’t find many species left in the wild, _WILL_ 6. I knew you _WOULD_ 7. They won’t fix his mobile _UNTIL_ 8. _WHEN__

review 3 CaE use of english part 4

1. When is the ferry due to arrive? SUPPOSED What ________________ get there? 2. I don’t suppose you have heard the news. WON’T You _____________ the news. 3. Archaeologists are on the point of making an important breakthrough. ABOUT Archaeologists are ________ important breakthrough.

1. When is the ferry due to arrive? SUPPOSED What time is the ferry supposed to 2. I don’t suppose you have heard the news. WON’T You won’t have heard 3. Archaeologists are on the point of making an important breakthrough. ABOUT Archaeologists are about to make an

review 3 CaE use of english part 4

4. If nothing is done to combat climate change, large areas will soon be underwater. STEPS Large areas will soon be underwater ____________________ counteract climate change. 5. We started building our house in June, and it’s now November. BEEN By December, we ___________________ our house for six months. 6. I’ll still be working on my website when you leave. NOT By the time you leave, I ____________________ working on my website.

4. If nothing is done to combat climate change, large areas will soon be underwater. STEPS Large areas will soon be underwater unless / if no steps are taken to 5. We started building our house in June, and it’s now November. BEEN By December, we will have been building 6. I’ll still be working on my website when you leave. NOT By the time you leave, I will not have finished