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Copia - la metamorfosi in Europa tra illuminismo e rivoluzioni

Domenico dell'Antoglietta

Created on January 8, 2024

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XVIII secolo

la metamorfosi in

Europa

Rivoluzione e Illuminismo

Il XVIII secolo in Europa è caratterizzato da una serie di trasformazioni significative che hanno plasmato profondamente il panorama politico, sociale e culturale.La maggior parte delle nazioni era ancora governata da monarchie, ma le idee dell'Illuminismo stavano guadagnando terreno, portando a un cambiamento ideologico e sociale.

COPERTINA

CRISI DEL FEUDALESIMO

Sistema Feudalein Declino

ROTTURA DELLE STRUTTURE TRADIZIONALI

Nel tardo medioevo, il sistema feudale iniziò a mostrare segni di declino.Le condizioni economiche difficili, la peste nera e i cambiamenti sociali influenzarono la struttura feudale.

Il sistema feudale si basava sulla terra e sul rapporto di vassallaggio tra signori e servi.Tuttavia, cambiamenti economici e sociali portarono alla disgregazione di questo sistema.

Cambiamenti: Agricoltura e Industria

NUOVE TECNICHE AGRICOLE

CAMBIAMENTI NELL'INDUSTRIA

L'espansione dell'artigianato e l'incremento delle attività manifatturiere nelle città crearono una nuova classe di artigiani e mercanti, aumentando il commercio e la produzione.

L'introduzione di nuove tecniche agricole e l'adozione di metodi più efficienti, come l'aratro a vomere, la rotazione delle colture e l'incremento della produzione alimentare, portarono a una maggiore disponibilità di cibo e a un miglioramento delle condizioni di vita.

Slide 2

scaletta

Slide 2-3 Trasformazioni economiche

scaletta

slide 4-5-6 trasformazioni politiche

slide 7-8-9 l'Illuminismo E I CELEBRI PENSATORI

slide 10 le idee rivoluzionarie dell'illuminismo

slide 11 ILLUMINISMO E CRESCITA DEMOGRAFICA

slide 12 cOLLEGAMENTI E RIFLESSIONI

Slide 1

INNOVAZIONITECNOLOGICHE

CRESCITA URBANA E CAMBIAMENTI SOCIALI

L'avvento di innovazioni come la filatura meccanica del cotone e la macchina a vapore, insieme a miglioramenti nei trasporti e nelle comunicazioni, preannunciarono la trasformazione verso la Rivoluzione Industriale.

L'aumento della popolazione urbana, la crescita delle città e il cambio di stile di vita evidenziarono i primi segnali della transizione dalla produzione artigianale alla produzione industriale.

RIVOLUZIONE INDUSTRIALE

1730

John Kay: "navetta volante" per la tessitura

Samuel Crompton:Filatoio Meccanico

James Watt: Macchina a Vapore

1785

Henry Cort: nuove tecniche per la Ghisa

Europa: 195 milioni di abitanti

Edmund Cartwright: Telaio Meccanico

1800

1848

I PrimiSindacati Operai

Rete Ferroviaria Europea: 100.000Km

Manifestodel Partito Comunista

Slide 3

CAUSE DELLA RIVOLUZIONE

La Rivoluzione Americana fu alimentata dal desiderio di libertà dall'oppressione coloniale britannica, dovuta a tasse ingiuste e alla mancanza di rappresentanza politica.

RIVOLUZIONEAMERICANA

DICHIARAZIONE DI INDIPENDENZA

Nel 1776, la Dichiarazione di Indipendenza degli Stati Uniti sottolineò i principi di uguaglianza, libertà e diritti inalienabili, sancendo il distacco dal dominio britannico.

Slide 4

GUERRA D'INDIPENDENZA

Gli Stati Uniti combatterono una lunga e cruenta guerra contro la Gran Bretagna per garantire l'indipendenza. La vittoria americana a Yorktown nel 1781 sancì il termine del conflitto.

LOTTA PERL'INDIPENDENZA

COSTITUZIONE DEGLI STATI UNITI

La lotta portò all'elaborazione della Costituzione, creando un governo federale basato su principi democratici e una separazione dei poteri.

Slide 5

Francia

Polonia

Germania

Belgio

altri movimenti rivoluzionariin Europa

NAZIONI EUROPEE

Francia, Germania, Polonia, Belgio

Slide 6

Ragione e Scienza

L'Illuminismo promosse la fiducia nella ragione umana e nell'applicazione della scienza per comprendere e migliorare il mondo.

ILLUMINISMO

Libertà e Uguaglianza

I PUNTI CARDINE DELL'

Gli illuministi sottolinearono i principi di libertà individuale e uguaglianza di fronte alla legge, criticando le strutture sociali e politiche basate su privilegi ereditari.

Progresso e Razionalismo

La convinzione nell'inevitabilità del progresso attraverso l'uso razionale della conoscenza fu un elemento fondamentale.

Slide 7

VOLTAIRE

Criticò l'intolleranza religiosa e difese la libertà di pensiero e di espressione.

MONTESQUIEU

I PENSATORIILLUMINISTI

Propose la teoria della separazione dei poteri per prevenire abusi eccessivi da parte di un'unica autorità.

ROUSSEAU

Teorizzò il contratto sociale e sottolineò l'importanza della volontà generale nella formazione di un governo legittimo.

DIDEROT E D'ALEMBERT

Coordinarono la creazione dell'Encyclopédie, un'enciclopedia che diffondeva conoscenze e idee illuministe.

Slide 8

IL PIU' SIGNIFICATIVO ESPONENTE

IMMANUEL KANT

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) è stato un filosofo tedesco, una delle figure più influenti nella storia della filosofia occidentale.

Critica della Ragione Pura: In questa opera, Kant esplora la natura della conoscenza e sviluppa la sua teoria della conoscenza, sostenendo che parte della conoscenza è innata, ma che la nostra esperienza gioca un ruolo fondamentale nella sua formazione. Etica Deontologica: Nella "Critica della ragion pratica", Kant sviluppa la sua teoria etica deontologica, basata sul concetto di dovere morale. La sua formula del "Categorico Imperativo" sottolinea l'importanza di agire in conformità con principi universalizzabili. Estetica e Giudizio: Nella "Critica del giudizio", Kant affronta il concetto di giudizio estetico e sviluppa una teoria dell'arte e del gusto. Introduce anche il concetto di "sensus communis," una sorta di senso comune estetico. Filosofia Trascendentale: Il contributo principale di Kant è la sua filosofia trascendentale, che si concentra sull'indagine delle condizioni necessarie per la possibilità di conoscenza e morale.

I PENSATORIILLUMINISTI

Slide 9

Influenza sulle Rivoluzioni Politiche e Critica Sociale

L'Illuminismo non solo fornì il fondamento intellettuale per le rivoluzioni politiche del periodo, ma anche un impulso duraturo verso la promozione dei diritti umani e della democrazia.

Le concezioni illuministe di libertà individuale e sovranità popolare ispirarono i movimenti per l'emancipazione.

Gli ideali dell'Illuminismo criticarono le istituzioni esistenti, incluso l'assolutismo monarchico.

ILLUMINISMO

LE IDEE RIVOLUZIONARIE DELL'

Gli ideali illuministi fornirono la base intellettuale per la Rivoluzione Francese del 1789, che mirava a rovesciare l'ancien régime.

Le idee illuministe irpirarono la creazione di una forma di governo basata sui diritti inalienabili dell'individuo.

La stampa giocò un ruolo chiave nella diffusione delle idee illuministe, raggiungendo un vasto pubblico.

Le idee illuministe contribuirono alla redazione di documenti fondamentali, come la Dichiarazione d'Indipendenza degli Stati Uniti.

Slide 10

La diffusione degli ideali illuministi

AGEVOLATA DALLA CRESCITA DEMOGRAFICA

La crescita demografica favorì un contesto in cui le idee illuministe potevano prosperare, spargendosi attraverso la stampa, le conversazioni e le interazioni sociali.La domanda di conoscenza e la ricerca di una partecipazione più attiva alla vita pubblica contribuirono alla diffusione e all'adozione di tali ideali.

POPOLAZIONE

Secondo le stime, contando anche la Russia, il numero degli abitanti passò da circa 115 milioni, nel 1700, a 140 milioni, a metà del secolo, e poi a 188 milioni, a inizio Ottocento. Il tasso percentuale dell’aumento fu quindi del 63,5%.

Slide 11

Nel XVIII secolo, le trasformazioni economiche, politiche e sociali crearono un terreno fertile per l'emergere delle idee illuministe.La crescente consapevolezza delle disuguaglianze economiche stimolò la ricerca di nuovi modelli politici e sociali. Le rivoluzioni politiche, come quelle americana e francese, furono catalizzate da un desiderio di emancipazione e partecipazione popolare, concetti promossi dagli illuministi. In questo contesto, le idee illuministe non solo fornirono un quadro intellettuale, ma anche una guida pratica per le trasformazioni sociali e politiche.

COLLEGAMENTIE RIFLESSIONI

Slide 12

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