FALLACIES 9TH

FALLACIES

Fallacies are ideas or thoughts that lead to an argument, claim or conclusion, usually with assumptions or reasons to support said claim.

TYPOLOGY

5. bandwagon

9. AD HOMINEM

1. formal and informal

10. tu quoque

6. anecdotal-evidence

2. STRAW MAN

11. red herring

7. hasty-generalization

3. LOGICAL

4. CORRELATION-CAUSATION

8. borden of proof

12. appeal to authority

14. APPEAL TO FEAR

13. ASSOCIATION

FORMAL AND INFORMAL

FORMAL FALLACY

INFORMAL FALLACY

error of logics in which the arguments are conclusions. Premise A: The British live in UK Premise B: The Irish live in UK Conclusion: The Irish are British

They are based on assumptions that are proven to be incorrect. Premise A: All murderers are mentally ill Premise B: I am mentally ill Conclusion: I will commit a murder

Straw man fallacies

Committed when an argument tries to include additional causal influences that may be irrelevant to the matter at hand. Example: “Of course Spain would lose the World Cup. The President of the FIFA likes Shakira. He follows her on Instagram”

Logical fallacies

Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that are based mistaken on logic. If they are presented as logical argument, they lose credibility. When its inaccuracy is acknowledged, it may be used for persuasion or manipulation. Example: “Dating sucks. Because all men/women are the same and they all have the same toxic patterns”

Correlation-causation fallacies

This fallacy is when people believe that correlation equals causation. Sometimes, the relation is a coincidence or it caused by external forces, meaning they have no correlation.Example:A: Smoking may cause lung cancer. B: My grandma had cancer Conclusion: she used to smoke.

BADWAGON FALLACY

This fallacy occurs when one believes something to be true and accurate just because other people claims it to be true. Examples: When it’s said on social media that a public figure has died. The Barbeheimer phenomenon

The anecdotal evidence fallacies

Occurs when we believe something to be true based on our experiences rather than facts or evidence. Example: Meet a bad-tempered French person, all French people are bad-tempered My partner cheated on me, therefore, all men/women are cheaters.

The hasty generalization fallacy

Come up with a conclusion based on weak evidence, lacking research and proven-evidence. Example: My uncle had the same symptoms you have and he died a month later.

The burden of proof fallacy

Occurs when someone believes something to be true just because there is no evidence against it of any kind. Example: I think I’m doing a great job so far. I haven’t received any complaints nor suggestions.

Ad hominem fallacy

Subtly or lightly distorts a person's character, targeting the other one regardless how accurate or right their argument might be.

Example: An student who fails an exam or term and claims that happened because the teacher is sexist or racist after being told to pay attention in class

The tu quoque fallacy

Occurs when we invalidate an opponent’s argument by attacking them with criticism. With this fallacy, we criticize the other personally instead of addressing the main argument.Example: A: Sorry, but I don’t think we should see each other anymore. B: Yeah, well, you’re not my type, anyway. You’re kind of toxic and annoying.

Red herring fallacy

Fallacy in which irrelevant information is used to create distraction from the real target. Example: I was caught up in the rain yesterday cause I left late, and since I didn’t have a car, I got wet, so I got a cold when I got home, I had to take a pill to feel better, and I took it and I fell asleep, so I couldn’t do my homework.

The appeal to authority fallacy

Occurs when we believe something to be true just because an authority or person with power claim an argument regardless of its accuracy or validation. Example: López Obrador says all current social issues were caused by former presidents, so, that must be true.

Assuming something about a person based on their social group in order to invalid their arguments. Example: Assuming someone doesn't know certain things because of their financial income or social class.

Association Fallacy

Occurs when we have an exaggerated argument based on upcoming events that have not happened yet and we use fear to persuade others of the validation of our arguments.

Example: Do not travel to Japan; there have been a lot of earthquakes and you might get trapped and get injured and die.