GENIAL TIMELINE

Puritan and Restoration Literature

English poetry in the 17th century

Puritan PhaseRestoration literature phase

Restoration Prose

The Age of Classicism

The new life of drama

The Age of Prose

The Novel

What made novels possible?

What are novels?

A versatile genre

An instrument to explore urban scenario

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THE RISE OF NEWSPAPERS

• Reading public: increase, circulating libraries ( books were more affordable and available = people could borrow them) , needs of better education, spread of coffee houses and circulation of ideas, interest in politics and literary and social issues , need to be informed and reflect on the world in which they, the readers, lived
• Newspapers-> The Tatler and The Spectator
• The triumph of the Novel-> reasons : need of the reading public, middle- class readers not interested in unreal stories but in realistic and factual stories written in simple language, they wanted to be informed as well as entertained . They wanted to identify with the protagonist and the protagonist's reality which mirrored their own .
• Main Novelists: Daniel Defoe ( Robinson Crusoe-> realistic novel; Jonathan Swift -> utopian novel; Samuel Richardson-> epistolary novel; Henry Fielding -> picaresque novel; Laurence sterne -> anti-novel Tristram Shandy.

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• the increasing number of readers especially women. In general, they wanted to be informed and entertained. Moreover, they wanted to read about their contemporary reality.
• Both readers and characters were from the middle class and shared common values and the same Puritan ethics.
• professional writers: the authors were from the middle class too and chose to write as professional writers;
• availability of books: circulating libraries, technological improvements;
• free time: a large amount of rich people had more free time ;

Features and style

• long prose narratives;
• chronological sequence of events;
• an abundance of realistic details: references to a particular time of the year or of the day, of the place/setting;
• realistic people or events: all characters were given contemporary names and surnames to reinforce the impression of realism who struggle for survival or social success;
• A plain, factual language, similar to that of newspapers and magazines. A language everyone could understand.
• The narrator: first-person narrator -> memoirs/diaries (fictional autobiographies) or epistolary novels (in the form of letters) ; third-person narrator -> picaresque novel dealing with the adventures of travelling characters;
• Aim: didactic -> to educate readers and arouse moral reflections;
• characters: stereotyped (following a fixed model), realistic (similar to real people), round ( show psychological development), flat ( little psychological development).

Relationship between the man and the society

• Novels reproduced the setting familiar to both readers and authors -> the city and its order
• The society was analyzed from different points of view according to the writer's intent;
• In Robinson Crusoe, for example, Defoe re-creates the same world, the same society he has left behind on a desert island. Defoe received a Puritan education and was close to the idea of the self-made man.
• In Gulliver's Travels, instead, Swift explores different types of society, he criticizes the pervading corruption and base irrational instincts typical of European people.