INTERACTIVE GLOSSARY
Learning in the 21st century
- Affective Dimensions
-Affective Filter Hypothesis
-Authentic Materials
Affective Dimensions
Definition: Feelings and emotional aspects of learning that can activate the affective barrier and reduce the ability to learn successfully, including self-direction, lack of purpose, anxiety, lack of confidence, low self-esteem, and negative thinking.
Affective Filter Hypothesis
Definition: The affective barrier is a metaphor for an imaginary barrier that blocks learning when activated and facilitates learning when deactivated. Negative emotions affect the ability to understand and learn.
Authentic Materials
Definition: Learning materials that are authentic and come from real sources, such as newspapers, news videos, etc.
-Bilingualism and Second Language Acquisition
Bilingualism and Second Language Acquisition
• Definition: The study of acquiring proficiency in two languages, involving differentiation between languages in simultaneous acquisition, the impact of acquisition order on language relationships, and differences in grammatical development in simultaneous and sequential bilingualism.
-Cognates
-Creativity
-cognitive reserve
-Crystalllized intelligence
-content and lenguage integrated learning
-critical thinking
-conceptual expansion
-cognitive flexibility
-constuctivism
-cros-lenguage interactivity
-cognitive load
cognates
Definition: Words that are similar in two languages because of their common origin.
creativity
Creativity relates to imaginative activity envisioning a new system, a new way of doing things. Innovation relates to realizing a new system, a new way of doing things.
Crystallized Intelligence
Definition: ability to make deductions in developing secondary relational abstractions by drawing on primary relational abstractions - what a person has already learnt as prior knowledge (see Raymond Cattell).
Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL):
Definition: a dual-focused educational approach in which an additional language is used for the learning and teaching of both content and language (see David Marsh)
Critical Thinking
Definition: intellectual process enabling a
person to objectively analyse and evaluate an issue
Conceptual Expansion
Definition: expansion of a person’s conceptual system which can lead to enhanced creativity and the formulation of new ideas
Cognitive Flexibility
Definition: higher order cognition
processes enabling a person to think about something from different perspectives, mentally adapt to context, and restructure knowledge (see Jean Piaget).
Constructivism
Definition:knowledge constructed through
interaction with other people (see Jerome Bruner, John Dewey, Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky).
Cognitive Load
the amount of working memory
resources used at a given time (see John Sweller).
. Cross-language Interactivity:
potential for bilingual
advantage when two languages are co-activated
during language processing and there is interaction
between two linguistic systems (see François
Grosjean).
Cognitive Reserve
Definition:a person’s capacity to help
the brain cope with the negative impact of brain dysfunction or damage.
-divergent and convergent thinking
-Duolingo
-deep learning
-digital literacy
Duolingo
Definition: Language learning application that interactive methods and gamification.
digital literacy
Ability to use information and
communication technologies to find, evaluate,
create, and communicate information, requiring
both cognitive and technical skills. American
Library Association (ALA).
Divergent and Convergent Thinking:
Generating new ideas by exploring different potential solutions represents divergent thinking. Convergent thinking involves exploring potential solutions by following a sequence of logical steps and rational thinking (see Joy Paul Guilford).
deep learning
Definition: A combination of crystallized and fluid intelligences that builds complex understanding and meaning.
-EnglishClub
-Executive Function
-Evolution of Communication:
englishclub
Definition: Website offering a wide range of resources for learning English, including lessons, games and forums.
Executive Function
Cognitive processes that consciously control our thoughts, emotions, and behaviours to achieve goals. These include inhibitory control, attention control, cognitive flexibility amongst others. Higher order executive functions include reasoning and problem-solving which are a part of fluid intelligence (see Michael Posner, Joaquin Fuster, Tim Shallice). A meta-analysis carried out in 2018 found 54.3% research reporting bilingual advantage on cognitive control tasks; 28.3% mixed results; 17.4% evidence against its existence. (see van den Noort, M. et al., 2019).
Evolution of Communication
• Definition: The gradual development of communication mechanisms from chemical signaling in insects using pheromones to vocalization in higher animals, ultimately leading to the evolution of proper language systems in primates, especially humans.
-Flipgrid
-Flashcards
-Flow of Learning:
Flipgrid
Definition: Video platform that allows students to record and share videos to improve their English speaking skills.
Flow of Learning
A highly focused mental state
that people experience when they are engaged in an
activity with a high level of concentration which can
lead to deep learning (see Mihály Csíkszentmihályi).
flashcard
Definition: Cards with information on both sides, used for the study and memorization of vocabulary.
-Google Translate
-Gamification in Language Learning
Google Translate
Definition: Cards with information on both sides, used for the study and memorization of vocabulary.
Gamification in Language Learning
Definition: Integration of game elements to make the learning process more fun and motivating.
-HelloTalk
-human brain
hellotalk
Definition: Application that connects native speakers of different languages to facilitate the exchange of conversation.
human brain
• Definition: The complex organ comprising approximately 100 billion neurons and glial cells, divided into forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, with the forebrain playing a crucial role in regulating voluntary activities, cognitive functions, and emotional behaviors.
-iTalki
iTalki
Definition: Platform that connects students with language teachers for personalized online lessons.
-Journaling
Journaling
Definition: Practice of keeping a journal in English to improve writing and speaking skills.
-Kahoot!
kahoot!
Definition: Educational gaming platform that allows students to learn and review vocabulary and concepts in the form of interactive quizzes.
-LyricsTraining
-Language Exchange
-Language Immersion
-anguage Acquisition in Infants
-Language Acquisition Theories:
-Linguistic Process in Humans:
LyricsTraining
Definition: Platform that uses song lyrics to aid in learning English vocabulary and listening comprehension.
Language Exchange
Definition: Practice in which native speakers of different languages help each other learn their respective languages.
Language Immersion
Definition: Learning method where the student is immersed in an environment where the language being learned is spoken.
Language Acquisition in Infants
• Definition: The process through which infants learn and acquire language skills, involving the perception of phonetic units, detection of words, and development of language comprehension. The debate between Skinner's conditioning and the alternative view of language input being processed by innately defined structures is discussed.
anguage Acquisition Theories
• Definition: Theoretical perspectives on how language is acquired, involving the debate between Skinner's conditioning, emphasizing external reinforcement, and Chomsky's theory of a "language faculty" and "universal grammar," suggesting innate constraints and capabilities in infants for language development.
inguistic Process in Humans
processes and neuronal networks responsible for the production, comprehension, and interpretation of meaningful sounds in the form of words and sentences, contributing significantly to human intelligence and distinctiveness.
-Maximum Exposure Hypothesis
-Mind and Brain
-Merriam-Webster Learner's Dictionary
-Multicompetence
-Morphological Awareness
Maximum Exposure Hypothesis
Definition: Originally linked to political discussions in North America, it is used to explain that the amount of time spent on a task determines success or failure in learning a language.
Multicompetence
The different languages people
know form a connected system, a unique resource for
thinking and action, rather than each language being a
separate system (see Vivian Cook).
Morphological Awareness
Ecognition and understanding of how words are made up of useful units which enables deeper lexical skills within and
across languages and is a significant contributor to
helping people read and spell.
Mind and Brain
Whereas the brain is a physical organ,
the mind includes what happens within the brain such
as mental processes, thought and consciousness. It
is difficult to separate these when examining specific
research data.
Merriam-Webster Learner's Dictionary
Definition: Online dictionary that provides clear and simple definitions of English vocabulary.
-News in Levels
-Neural Substrates of Language Acquisition in Bilingualism
-Native Language Neural Commitment
-neural Substrates of Phonetic Learning:
-Neural Substrates of Word Learning
-Neural Substrates of Sentence Processing
-Neural Theory of Language
New in levels
Definition: Website that offers news in three levels of difficulty to suit the student's level of English.
Native Language Neural Commitment
• Definition: A new model proposing that infants possess a universal ability to parse speech phonetically, with language experience shaping discriminative preferences. The model suggests a critical period for language acquisition, emphasizing neural commitment to learned structures.
neural Substrates of Phonetic Learning:
• Definition: The brain mechanisms involved in infants' perception of phonetic contrasts in different languages, highlighting the impact of language experience on phonetic abilities. Changes in phonetic discrimination abilities and the influence of contextual language cues are discussed.
Neural Substrates of Word Learning
• Definition: The neural processes associated with infants' recognition and learning of new words, including the word spurt phenomenon and strategies adopted for word segmentation in continuous speech. Individual differences in neural activity related to vocabulary size are explored.
neural Substrates of Sentence Processing
• Definition: The brain mechanisms involved in children's comprehension and production of sentences, focusing on phonological abilities, syntactic and semantic components, and the development of adult-like patterns in ERP responses.
Neural Theory of Language
• Definition: An interdisciplinary research project exploring how the brain supports thought and language, integrating computer science, linguistics, cognitive science, and psychology. The project aims to understand the computational properties of neural systems involved in language processing.
Neural Substrates of Language Acquisition in Bilingualism
• Definition: The examination of neural bases in bilingual individuals, considering early differentiation of languages, acquisition order, and differences in grammatical development. The discussion includes properties of weaker languages in sequential bilingualism and the comparison of L1 and L2 acquisition.
online english grammar
Online English Grammar
Definition: Online resource that covers grammatical aspects of English in a detailed and clear manner.
Psychological Distance
Pronunciator
pragmatic
pronunciator
Definition: Platform that offers pronunciation lessons and listening practice in English.
Psychological Distance
As defined in Construal Level
Theory where there is distance between a person and
something which may be in terms of time, physical
space, interpersonal relations, and the gap between
something being actual or hypothetical (see Yaacov
Trope and Nira Liberman).
pragmatic
The study of meaning in context leading
to understanding of the contexts in which people communicate to help interpret the intended meaning of how they use language in certain ways (see J. L. Austin; Paul Grice; Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson).
Quizlet
quizlet
Definition: Study platform that allows you to create and share flashcards to improve your vocabulary.
Speech Related Disorders:
Semantic and Episodic Memory: s
Speech Related Disorders:
• Definition: Speech disorders, such as malapropism, characterized by the incorrect usage of words due to substituting similar-sounding words with different meanings. Advances in Neurolinguistics have identified specific brain centers responsible for these disorders, enabling targeted interventions.
Semantic and Episodic Memory
Semantic remembering general facts, factual and conceptual knowledge of the world; episodic = memories of
events that the pe
Translanguaging:
. Translanguaging:
The bilingual mind has two
languages which form a unitary linguistic system.
Translanguaging involves using this greater capacity
for thinking and action. In education it involves the
systematic use of two languages for learning content.
(see Cen Williams; see Ofelia García & Li Wei)
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
. Translanguaging:
Level of potential learning a person can achieve with sufficient scaffolding and support (see Lev Vygotsky).
INTERACTIVE GLOSSARY
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Transcript
INTERACTIVE GLOSSARY
Learning in the 21st century
- Affective Dimensions
-Affective Filter Hypothesis
-Authentic Materials
Affective Dimensions
Definition: Feelings and emotional aspects of learning that can activate the affective barrier and reduce the ability to learn successfully, including self-direction, lack of purpose, anxiety, lack of confidence, low self-esteem, and negative thinking.
Affective Filter Hypothesis
Definition: The affective barrier is a metaphor for an imaginary barrier that blocks learning when activated and facilitates learning when deactivated. Negative emotions affect the ability to understand and learn.
Authentic Materials
Definition: Learning materials that are authentic and come from real sources, such as newspapers, news videos, etc.
-Bilingualism and Second Language Acquisition
Bilingualism and Second Language Acquisition
• Definition: The study of acquiring proficiency in two languages, involving differentiation between languages in simultaneous acquisition, the impact of acquisition order on language relationships, and differences in grammatical development in simultaneous and sequential bilingualism.
-Cognates
-Creativity
-cognitive reserve
-Crystalllized intelligence
-content and lenguage integrated learning
-critical thinking
-conceptual expansion
-cognitive flexibility
-constuctivism
-cros-lenguage interactivity
-cognitive load
cognates
Definition: Words that are similar in two languages because of their common origin.
creativity
Creativity relates to imaginative activity envisioning a new system, a new way of doing things. Innovation relates to realizing a new system, a new way of doing things.
Crystallized Intelligence
Definition: ability to make deductions in developing secondary relational abstractions by drawing on primary relational abstractions - what a person has already learnt as prior knowledge (see Raymond Cattell).
Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL):
Definition: a dual-focused educational approach in which an additional language is used for the learning and teaching of both content and language (see David Marsh)
Critical Thinking
Definition: intellectual process enabling a person to objectively analyse and evaluate an issue
Conceptual Expansion
Definition: expansion of a person’s conceptual system which can lead to enhanced creativity and the formulation of new ideas
Cognitive Flexibility
Definition: higher order cognition processes enabling a person to think about something from different perspectives, mentally adapt to context, and restructure knowledge (see Jean Piaget).
Constructivism
Definition:knowledge constructed through interaction with other people (see Jerome Bruner, John Dewey, Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky).
Cognitive Load
the amount of working memory resources used at a given time (see John Sweller).
. Cross-language Interactivity:
potential for bilingual advantage when two languages are co-activated during language processing and there is interaction between two linguistic systems (see François Grosjean).
Cognitive Reserve
Definition:a person’s capacity to help the brain cope with the negative impact of brain dysfunction or damage.
-divergent and convergent thinking
-Duolingo
-deep learning
-digital literacy
Duolingo
Definition: Language learning application that interactive methods and gamification.
digital literacy
Ability to use information and communication technologies to find, evaluate, create, and communicate information, requiring both cognitive and technical skills. American Library Association (ALA).
Divergent and Convergent Thinking:
Generating new ideas by exploring different potential solutions represents divergent thinking. Convergent thinking involves exploring potential solutions by following a sequence of logical steps and rational thinking (see Joy Paul Guilford).
deep learning
Definition: A combination of crystallized and fluid intelligences that builds complex understanding and meaning.
-EnglishClub
-Executive Function
-Evolution of Communication:
englishclub
Definition: Website offering a wide range of resources for learning English, including lessons, games and forums.
Executive Function
Cognitive processes that consciously control our thoughts, emotions, and behaviours to achieve goals. These include inhibitory control, attention control, cognitive flexibility amongst others. Higher order executive functions include reasoning and problem-solving which are a part of fluid intelligence (see Michael Posner, Joaquin Fuster, Tim Shallice). A meta-analysis carried out in 2018 found 54.3% research reporting bilingual advantage on cognitive control tasks; 28.3% mixed results; 17.4% evidence against its existence. (see van den Noort, M. et al., 2019).
Evolution of Communication
• Definition: The gradual development of communication mechanisms from chemical signaling in insects using pheromones to vocalization in higher animals, ultimately leading to the evolution of proper language systems in primates, especially humans.
-Flipgrid
-Flashcards
-Flow of Learning:
Flipgrid
Definition: Video platform that allows students to record and share videos to improve their English speaking skills.
Flow of Learning
A highly focused mental state that people experience when they are engaged in an activity with a high level of concentration which can lead to deep learning (see Mihály Csíkszentmihályi).
flashcard
Definition: Cards with information on both sides, used for the study and memorization of vocabulary.
-Google Translate
-Gamification in Language Learning
Google Translate
Definition: Cards with information on both sides, used for the study and memorization of vocabulary.
Gamification in Language Learning
Definition: Integration of game elements to make the learning process more fun and motivating.
-HelloTalk
-human brain
hellotalk
Definition: Application that connects native speakers of different languages to facilitate the exchange of conversation.
human brain
• Definition: The complex organ comprising approximately 100 billion neurons and glial cells, divided into forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, with the forebrain playing a crucial role in regulating voluntary activities, cognitive functions, and emotional behaviors.
-iTalki
iTalki
Definition: Platform that connects students with language teachers for personalized online lessons.
-Journaling
Journaling
Definition: Practice of keeping a journal in English to improve writing and speaking skills.
-Kahoot!
kahoot!
Definition: Educational gaming platform that allows students to learn and review vocabulary and concepts in the form of interactive quizzes.
-LyricsTraining
-Language Exchange
-Language Immersion
-anguage Acquisition in Infants
-Language Acquisition Theories:
-Linguistic Process in Humans:
LyricsTraining
Definition: Platform that uses song lyrics to aid in learning English vocabulary and listening comprehension.
Language Exchange
Definition: Practice in which native speakers of different languages help each other learn their respective languages.
Language Immersion
Definition: Learning method where the student is immersed in an environment where the language being learned is spoken.
Language Acquisition in Infants
• Definition: The process through which infants learn and acquire language skills, involving the perception of phonetic units, detection of words, and development of language comprehension. The debate between Skinner's conditioning and the alternative view of language input being processed by innately defined structures is discussed.
anguage Acquisition Theories
• Definition: Theoretical perspectives on how language is acquired, involving the debate between Skinner's conditioning, emphasizing external reinforcement, and Chomsky's theory of a "language faculty" and "universal grammar," suggesting innate constraints and capabilities in infants for language development.
inguistic Process in Humans
processes and neuronal networks responsible for the production, comprehension, and interpretation of meaningful sounds in the form of words and sentences, contributing significantly to human intelligence and distinctiveness.
-Maximum Exposure Hypothesis
-Mind and Brain
-Merriam-Webster Learner's Dictionary
-Multicompetence
-Morphological Awareness
Maximum Exposure Hypothesis
Definition: Originally linked to political discussions in North America, it is used to explain that the amount of time spent on a task determines success or failure in learning a language.
Multicompetence
The different languages people know form a connected system, a unique resource for thinking and action, rather than each language being a separate system (see Vivian Cook).
Morphological Awareness
Ecognition and understanding of how words are made up of useful units which enables deeper lexical skills within and across languages and is a significant contributor to helping people read and spell.
Mind and Brain
Whereas the brain is a physical organ, the mind includes what happens within the brain such as mental processes, thought and consciousness. It is difficult to separate these when examining specific research data.
Merriam-Webster Learner's Dictionary
Definition: Online dictionary that provides clear and simple definitions of English vocabulary.
-News in Levels
-Neural Substrates of Language Acquisition in Bilingualism
-Native Language Neural Commitment
-neural Substrates of Phonetic Learning:
-Neural Substrates of Word Learning
-Neural Substrates of Sentence Processing
-Neural Theory of Language
New in levels
Definition: Website that offers news in three levels of difficulty to suit the student's level of English.
Native Language Neural Commitment
• Definition: A new model proposing that infants possess a universal ability to parse speech phonetically, with language experience shaping discriminative preferences. The model suggests a critical period for language acquisition, emphasizing neural commitment to learned structures.
neural Substrates of Phonetic Learning:
• Definition: The brain mechanisms involved in infants' perception of phonetic contrasts in different languages, highlighting the impact of language experience on phonetic abilities. Changes in phonetic discrimination abilities and the influence of contextual language cues are discussed.
Neural Substrates of Word Learning
• Definition: The neural processes associated with infants' recognition and learning of new words, including the word spurt phenomenon and strategies adopted for word segmentation in continuous speech. Individual differences in neural activity related to vocabulary size are explored.
neural Substrates of Sentence Processing
• Definition: The brain mechanisms involved in children's comprehension and production of sentences, focusing on phonological abilities, syntactic and semantic components, and the development of adult-like patterns in ERP responses.
Neural Theory of Language
• Definition: An interdisciplinary research project exploring how the brain supports thought and language, integrating computer science, linguistics, cognitive science, and psychology. The project aims to understand the computational properties of neural systems involved in language processing.
Neural Substrates of Language Acquisition in Bilingualism
• Definition: The examination of neural bases in bilingual individuals, considering early differentiation of languages, acquisition order, and differences in grammatical development. The discussion includes properties of weaker languages in sequential bilingualism and the comparison of L1 and L2 acquisition.
online english grammar
Online English Grammar
Definition: Online resource that covers grammatical aspects of English in a detailed and clear manner.
Psychological Distance
Pronunciator
pragmatic
pronunciator
Definition: Platform that offers pronunciation lessons and listening practice in English.
Psychological Distance
As defined in Construal Level Theory where there is distance between a person and something which may be in terms of time, physical space, interpersonal relations, and the gap between something being actual or hypothetical (see Yaacov Trope and Nira Liberman).
pragmatic
The study of meaning in context leading to understanding of the contexts in which people communicate to help interpret the intended meaning of how they use language in certain ways (see J. L. Austin; Paul Grice; Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson).
Quizlet
quizlet
Definition: Study platform that allows you to create and share flashcards to improve your vocabulary.
Speech Related Disorders:
Semantic and Episodic Memory: s
Speech Related Disorders:
• Definition: Speech disorders, such as malapropism, characterized by the incorrect usage of words due to substituting similar-sounding words with different meanings. Advances in Neurolinguistics have identified specific brain centers responsible for these disorders, enabling targeted interventions.
Semantic and Episodic Memory
Semantic remembering general facts, factual and conceptual knowledge of the world; episodic = memories of events that the pe
Translanguaging:
. Translanguaging:
The bilingual mind has two languages which form a unitary linguistic system. Translanguaging involves using this greater capacity for thinking and action. In education it involves the systematic use of two languages for learning content. (see Cen Williams; see Ofelia García & Li Wei)
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
. Translanguaging:
Level of potential learning a person can achieve with sufficient scaffolding and support (see Lev Vygotsky).