dissociative identity disorder

Dissociative Identity disorder

Mckai Morgan

Contents

1. What is DID?

2. Historical Context

3. Causes & Impacts

4. Symptoms

5. Treatments

6. Conclusion

What is Dissociative Identity Disorder?

What Is DId?

Dissociative Identity Disorder is a dissociative disorder in which an individual's identity is fragmanted. It is typically characterized by a patient's presentation of two or more distinct personalities, or more modernly known as alters. It is an inhabilitating disorder, leaving those who suffer from it with negative feelings, thoughts of self-harm, suicidal ideation, and high mortality rates due to its severity on mental functioning.

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Historical Context

Historical Context

Researchers found that the first case of DID could’ve been seen as early as the 1580s in France. A twenty-five-year-old nun by the name of Jeanne Fery documented her exorcism in a journal because people claimed she had multiple personalities. It was later revealed by her exorcists that she had experienced severe childhood trauma and suffered from identity fragmentation, which fits the current diagnosing criteria in the DSM-5. (Onno van der Hart, Lierens R., Goodwin J., 1996) Fery’s story is complex and disheartening, but she is not alone. People believed that she was possessed by the devil, but it hasn’t gotten much better. Psychiatrists who oppose the idea of DID claim that those who have it have overactive imaginations and are prone to fantasy, thus they create fictitious personalities and fake having the disorder.

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Causes & Impacts

Causes & Impacts

Although the complexities of where dissociative identity disorder originated from are debatable, the causes behind it share similarities. DID is seen in patients who have suffered severe childhood trauma – most commonly physical, emotional, and sexual abuse.This cognitive condition impacts the patient by giving them gaps in memory (amnesia), negative thought processes and emotions, depressive episodes, anxiety, PTSD, identity fragmentation, the questioning of one’s reality, and more.

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Symptoms

Symptoms

Gaps in memory involving events, people, personal information, etc. (Amnesia)

Feeling seperate from one's body, emotions, reality, and other people. (Dissociating)

Depression, thoughts of self harm, suicidal ideation

Clouded perception of one's identity.

Experiencing stress or complications in relationships, work, or other areas of life and having difficulty coping with it.

Anxiety and PTSD

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2023, August 31). Dissociative disorders. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dissociative-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20355215

Treatments

Treatments

ST

ImR

EMDR

Schema Therapy

Image Reprocessing

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing

In Conclusion...

Dissociative identity disorder is a complex cognitive condition that causes gaps in memory, negative emotions, depressive episodes, anxiety, PTSD, identity fragmentation, questioning one’s reality, and more. By looking into DID, experts can improve our understanding of this intricate mental health condition and make sure that patient-centeredtreatment options are explored. This aids in the improvement of diagnostic standards and the validation of the disease by medical specialists. Establishing a clinical context that is centered on providing accurate recognition, diagnosis, and suitable treatment requires first acknowledging that dissociative identity disorder is a legitimate condition among all psychiatrists. Additionally, this will motivate medical personnel to assist their patients by using evidence-based practices.

ReferenceS

- Bachrach, N., Rijkeboer, M. M., Arntz, A., & Huntjens, R. J. C. (2023). Schema therapy for Dissociative Identity Disorder: a case report. Frontiers in psychiatry, 14, 1151872. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1151872 - Dodier, O., Otgaar, H., & Lynn, S. J. (2021, October 22). A critical analysis of myths about Dissociative Identity disorder. Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003448721003395 - Dorahy MJ, Brand BL, Şar V, et al. Dissociative identity disorder: An empirical overview. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2014;48(5):402-417. doi:10.1177/0004867414527523 1. - Gillig P. M. (2009). Dissociative identity disorder: a controversial diagnosis. Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa. : Township)), 6(3), 24–29. - Kabene, S. M., Balkir Neftci, N., & Papatzikis, E. (2022, June 23). Dissociative identity disorder and the law: Guilty or not guilty?. Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.891941/full - Mayo Clinic Staff. (2023, August 31). Dissociative disorders. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dissociative-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20355215 - Mitra P, Jain A. Dissociative Identity Disorder. [Updated 2023 May 16]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568768/ - Spiegel D, Loewenstein RJ, Lewis-Fernández R, Sar V, Simeon D, Vermetten E, Cardeña E, Dell PF. Dissociative disorders in DSM-5. Depress Anxiety. 2011 Sep;28(9):824-52. - Van der Hart O., Lierens R., Goodwin J. (1996, February). Jeanne Fery: A sixteenth-century case of Dissociative Identity disorder. ReseachGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11735549_Jeanne_Fery_A_sixteenth-century_case_of_dissociative_identity_disorder

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DID not only effects the person who has it, but those around them as well. Maintaining stable friendships and relationships are extremely difficult for those who have it. Patients often report that they feel disconnected from their partners, friends, and other people their life. (Bachrach, N., Rijkeboer, M. M., Arntz, A., & Huntjens, R. J. C., 2023)

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What is Schema Therapy?

Schema Therapy directly targets a pattern of thought, or "schema." By doing so, it helps patients with DID to disengage in unhealthy behavior.

What is Imr?

ImR utilizizes the brains ability to reprocess visual information. By building off traumatic experiences in EMDR, therapists help their patients to rewrite their past in an attempt to soothe the impact it left on their mind.

Did you know...

DID is one of the most complex and rare disorders seen in the psychiatric field. In the article “Schema Therapy for Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Case Report,” various researchers concluded that DID has been diagnosed in only 1.5% of America’s population. (Bachrach, N., Rijkeboer, M. M., Arntz, A., & Huntjens, R. J. C., 2023)

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Did you know...

Formally known as multiple personality disorder, this condition was renamed to dissociative identity disorder in 1994 in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM). (Gillig P. M., 2009)

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What is EMDR

EMDR is a treatment aimed to help patients address trauma. It uses bilateral stimulation to help the patient briefly focus on past experiences. If traumatic enough, these will be used in ImR.