Edward Jenner and the scientific method

Edward Jenner and the scientific method

Made by: Rodrigo Doñoro

Edward jenner

Edward Jenner was a doctor and scientist born in Berkeley, England in 1749. He was the eighth of the nine children born to the Reverend Stephen Jenner, and his wife Sarah. During primary school he was inoculated for smallpox, which had a lifelong effect upon his general health. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed for seven years to a surgeon. When he was 21, he moved to London, to complete his medical training. Two years later, he returned to Berkeley and established himself as the local practitioner and surgeon.

Cientific method parts

OBSERVATION

HYPOTHESIS

CONCLUSION

EXPERIMENTATION

QUESTION

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OBSERVATION

Edward Jenner saw how much of the population in Europe was dying from smallpox. He saw a pattern of neurodegenerative disease in livestock, known as mad cow disease, and its possible transmission to humans through variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. He saw how people who had the disease had pimples and scars around their body. Meanwhile milkers and shepherds had their skin perfectly.

400,000 people in Europe were dying per year

Question

Edward Jenner asked himself why milkers and shepherds were inmune to smallpox. He believed there must be a relationship with cowpox. Because people who milked cows who suffered from cowpox were infected with the disease but were inmune to smallpox.

hypothesis

Edward Jenner´s hypothesis was that cowpox and smallpox were related. So he believed that people infected with cowpox ( which was milder) would be inmune to smallpox ( which was lethal).

Cowpox was milder

Smallpox was lethal

experimentation

Edward Jenner needed three things for experimentation: cowpox extracted from a milkmade, fresh smallpox extracted from a patient and a person, in this case James Phipps (the son of his gardener). He first injected the child with cowpox, then waited a couple of months and injected him smallpox. This child did not get infected with smallpox. To ensure that this had worked he repeated the process with more people but they all had the same results.

conclusion

Although Jenner could not explain scientifically what had happened, some conclusions could be made: - Human smallpox and cowpox are related. - Suffering cowpox protects you from dying of smallpox. - Unknowingly, Jenner was building the foundations for future vaccines.

test yourself

test yourself

test yourself

test yourself

test yourself

The end!

OBSERVATION

This is the first step in the cientific method, where a phenomenon is observed or a problem requiring research is identified.

HYPOTHESIS

A tentative explanation for the observed phenomenon is proposed, usually in the form of a statement that can be proved through experimentation.

EXPERIMENTATION

Experiments are designed and performed to test the hypothesis and collect relevant data.

CONCLUSION

The results of the experiments are analysed and a conclusion is reached based on the interpretation of the collected data. This conclusion may support or refute the original hypothesis.

QUESTION

Based in observation, a specific question is asked about the phenomenon or problem observed.