BIOSENSORS PROJECT

History and

Applications of biosensors

Daniela Aguado, Marta Ruiz, Ainhoa Ibáñez, Ainhoa López and Natalia Rueda.

Index

What is a biosensor?

History

Components

Essential characteristics

Classification

Applications

Conclusion

Bibliography

What is a biosensor?

M. Cremer

1906

Advancements

pH concept

Construction of an electrode for pH measurements

History of biosensors

Leland C.Clark

1956

1982

1984

1970

Fibre-optic biosensor - glucose

Amperometric biosensor

ISFET

1983

1975

SPR

Fibre-optic biosensor - CO2 & O2First commercial biosensor

1990

SPR - Pharmacia Biacore

History of biosensors: 1970 - 1992

1992

Handheld blood biosensor - i-STAT

COMPONENTS OF BIOSENSORS

ANALYTE

BIORECEPTOR

TRANSDUCER

SIGNAL PROCESSING UNIT

Biosensors essential characteristics

Robustness and cost effectiveness

Good stability

Easy use and interpretation

Selectivity

Adequate response speed

Sensitivity

Biosensors depending on BIOLOGICAL RECEPTORS

DNA-based biosensors

Enzyme-based biosensors

Enzyme-based

biosensors

- Check real-time changing metabolites- Glucose and urea monitoring - Long-lasting + reusability

DNA-based

biosensors

-Work on a specific part of DNA: DNA PROBE - Isolation -> difficult step - Detect proteins and non-macromolecules

Biosensors based on the TRANSDUCTION ELEMENT

Optical biosensors

Mass-based biosensors

Electrochemical biosensors

Electrochemical

biosensors

- Electrical potential difference ANALYTE - MEMBRANE- Effective: glucose and hybridized DNA - 3 electrodes - Stable, sensitive, fast

TYPES

Mass-based

biosensors

- Piezoelectric- Force produces -> electrical signal - Application: environmental and electrical

Optical

biosensors

- Interaction between: - Methods: absorption, fluorescence... - Most common: surface plasmon resonance-based -Applications: environmental and chemical sensing.

SENSING ELEMENT - ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSORS

THERE ARE DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS FOR BIOSENSORS

medical field

Environment

Food Industrie

ADVANTAGES OF USING BIOSENSORS

Specialisation

Time of diagnosis

Accesibility + reusability

Giving insight into the functioning of tissues

Bibliography

ThankYou!

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia. (2006, May 11). Ranf. Biosensores y biochips. https://ranf.com/wpcontent/uploads/academicos/discursos/numero/fidel.pdf

Tetyana, P., Shumbula, P., & Njengele-Tetyana, Z. (2021).Biosensors: design, development and applications. En IntechOpen eBook s. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97576

Bhalla, N., Jolly, P., Formisano, N., & Estrela, P. (2016, June 30). Introduction to biosensors. Essays in biochemistry. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM C4986445/

Hasan, A., Nurunnabi, M., Morshed, M., Paul, A., Polini, A., Kuila, T., Hariri, M. A., Lee, Y., & Jaffa, A. A. (2014). Recent advances in application of biosensors in tissue engineering. BioMed Research International, 2014, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/307519´

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I-STAT 1. (s/f). Globalpointofcare.Abbott. Recuperado el 2 de diciembre de 2023, de https://www.globalpointofcare.abbott/us/en/product-details/apoc/i-stat-system-us.html

TMehrotra, P. (2016). Biosensors and their applications - A Review. Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM C4862100/

Patel, A. (2023, February 23). Biosensors: Components & characteristics. My Biology Dictionary. https://mybiologydictionary.com/biosensorsbio sensors- components-and-characteristics/

Castillo-Henríquez, L., Brenes-Acuña, M., Castro-Rojas, A., Cordero-Salmerón, R., Lopretti-Correa, M., & Vega- Baudrit, J. R. (2020, December 4). Biosensors for the detection of bacterial and viral clinical pathogens. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM C7730340/

Taylor-Smith, K., & Davey, R. (2019, julio 17). The properties of biosensors. Azosensors.com. https://www.azosensors.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=17 00vCork)

DETECTION OF CHEMICAL AGENTS IN POLLUTION THAT CAN AFFECT HUMAN HEALTH.

3rd component

Transducer

• Physical-chemical transducer capable of transforming the physical- chemical change into an easily quantifiable signal that can later be detected and amplified.
• Most important component of biosensors.
• Transduction.
• Types
• electrochemical transducers
• optical transducers
• calorimetric transducers
• piezoelectric transducers.

Tissue engineering

Biosensors have an important role on tissue engineering due to their ability to monitore analytes, cells chemicals and physical signals. Afterwords, biosensors give and insight of what is happening in the cells.

• Small molecules ( glucose, H2O2, adosine).
• Functional proteine molecules (MMP).
• Other analytes (viruses, bacteria, exotoxines).

SELECTIVITY

Ability of the biosensor to blind and respond only to the correct analyte if there are other moleculesFalse positives: when the biosensor is not able to recognize the correct analyte and it reads another substance . (very common in biosensors with poor selectivity). This feature is very important because biosensors act in many different substances, such as blood and urine (with molecules that are quite similar).

4th component

Signal processing unit

• Several subunits:
• an amplifier that amplifies the signals.
• a processing unit that processes them.
• a display to get the output screen.
• The output signal can be (depending on the requirements of the user who is using the biosensor).
• numeric.
• graphical.
• images.

SENSITIVITY

Most important characteristic of a biosensor.It is the relationship between the change in the concentration of the analyte and the intensity of the signal generated by the transducer. An ideal biosensor should work properly with small concentrations of the analyte.

2nd component

Bioreceptor

• Biological elements that interact with a specific bioanalyte.
• These molecules are capable of selectively recognizing the analyte to be determined.
• There can be an enzyme, an antibody, a cell, organelles...
• Most common bioreceptors used are enzymes.

QUALITY CONTROL; CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES DETECTION.

Detect electroactive species

Amperometric

Measure changes in pH and ion concentrations

Potentiometric

Measures electrical conductivity

Conductometric

ROBUSTNESS

The smallest biosensor was developed by a group of researchers from Columbia University. It has a volume of 0.1 cubic mm. It is capable of measuring body temperature.

1st component

Analyte

• substance of interest that needs detection.
• A case in point is glucose, which is for a biosensor that is designed to detect glucose.

STABILITY

Very important in those biosensors that are used for continuous monitoring. It must resist changes in its efficiency over a period of time due to interruptions provoked by external factors. These interruptions can cause inaccuracies in the output signal (altering the accuracy)