Works Cited
Turfan
Tashkent
Bukhara
Dunhuang
Kashgar
Hotan
Merv
Chang'an
Loyang
Berber
Guangzhou
Barygaza
The City of Dunhuang
During the Han Dynasty, Dunhuang emerged as a very significant city. Its location between he Han Dynasty and the Taklamakan Desert made it a cruital point of contact between the east an west. This crossroads of a city was utilized as a military outpost by the Han Dynasty as part of the defensive frontier againt the invasion of nomadic tribes. It was also a major hub for trade along the silk road as travellers would often stop here for rest before going through the more dangerous parts of the silk road. The markets of ths city thrived and brought considerable wealth to the Han Dynasty.
- Silk
- Other Textiles
- Precious Metals and Stones
- Spices and Medicine
- Paper and Books
- Art and Pottery
- Food
- Animals/animal products
- Other
The City of Loyang
During the Han Dynasty, Loyang emerged as one of the most impotsnt cities. Loyang became the eastern capital of the Han Dynasty and was the center of government and adminitration. With its very central location it became a trade hub as well. It was very well connected with other parts of China and although it was not as dircetly a part of the Silk Road as other cities, its connection to the other parts of China as well as the city's wealth fostered a great economy and incouraged a lot of trade of Silk Road goods. The city was also well known as a key city for the study of Buddhism. Overall, this city was very important to the Han Dynasty and was a key location where the wealth, ideas and cultures from the Silk Road were taken in and intergrated into the heartland of China.
- Silk
- Other Textiles
- Precious Metals and Stones
- Spices and Medicine
- Paper and Books
- Art and Pottery
- Food
- Animals/Animal Products
- Other
The City of Chang'an
During the Han Dynasty, the city of Chang'an was the capital city, as well as a major city of the Silk Road. Chang'an was known as the eastern starting point of the Silk road, meaning that merchants and travellers of the Silk Road would often end their journey here, often having travelled from as far as Persia or Rome. The city was a trade hub as the city's wealth and political influence brought merchants from all across the Silk Road that traded a wide variety of goods. The city was also a cultural melting pot as there was a diverse population of people that had travelled all across asia and europe. ideas and religions such as Buddhism, Zoroastrianism and Christianity found their way to the city from the Silk Road. The infrastructure of this city, mainly the imperial road system allowed for these traded goods, ideas and religions to be spread through the rest of China much more quickly than other Han cities.
- Silk
- Other Textiles
- Precious Metals and Stones
- Spices and Medicine
- Paper and Books
- Art and Pottery
- Food
- Animals/Animal Products
- Other
The City of Guangzhou
The city of Guangzhou had a very unique role in relation to the Silk Road during the Han Dynasty. As the city was a major port city, it became know as the loaction of the Maritime Silk Road. The Silk Road is traditionally thought of as a web of land trade routes, this city traded Silk Road goods by sea. The expansionist policies of the Han Dynasty led to increased use of this city for maritime trade routes and exploration. The city had lots of international trade as merchants from many different regions such as the Roman Empire, southeast Asia, India and Arabs would sail hre for trade. This influx of foreign merchants also fostered a diverse city as cultural and religious exchange occured. The focus on this city from the Han Dynasty allowed it to be developed and expanded into one of the most sophisticated ports in ancient China. Chinese Historical texts highlight the importance of the city to maritime trade and exploration.
- Silk
- Other Textiles
- Precious Metals and Stones
- Spices and Medicine
- Paper and Books
- Art and Pottery
- Food
- Animals/Animal products
- Other
- Tea
The City of Turfan
The of Turfan was an important city along the path of the Silk Road during Han China. The city is located in a feritle oasis near the Taklamakan Desert, which made it a crutial stopping point for merchants travelling along the Silk Road. The unique climate of this city as well as the advanced irrigation system made this city an agricultural hub, specifically with fruit production. It was a key stop along the northern route of the Silk Road as merchants would stop here for rest and a resupply of food and water bfore travelling through the harsh desert terrain. The city was a melting pot for cultures, languages and religions as the merchants consitantly stopping here were from many different regions across Europe and Asia. The Han established military garrisons here to protect trade routes and assert their presence in the region during their westward expansion.
- Silk
- Other Textiles
- Precious Metals and Stones
- Spices and Medicine
- Paper and Books
- Art and Pottery
- Food
- Animals/Animal Products
- Other
The City of Barygaza
The city of Barygaza is known today as Bharuch, located in India, was not controlled by the Han Dynasty, however, it still played a large role in trade along the Silk Road. It is a major port city that is located in the mouth of the Narmada River, opening into the Arabian Sea. This made the port city an ideal stopping place for ships travelling between Southeast Asia, Africa and the Middle East. The city served as a connection between the land based Sik Road routes and maritime trade. This city was known for importing goods from the Roman Empire and exporting goods to West Asia, Southeast Asia and the Roman Empire. The markets of the city were very diverse as merchants from various parts of the world such as Greece, the Middle East, The Roman Empire, and Egypt all came here to trade. This city is very well documented in ancient Greek and Roman texts as being an important maritime trade route. The city was not directly related to Han China, but its role in the Silk Road indirectly links it to Han China.
- Silk
- Other Textiles
- Precious Metals and Stones
- Spices and Medicine
- Paper and Books
- Art and Pottery
- Food
- Animals/Animal Products
- Other
The City of Berber
The City of Berber was a smaller port city located in India. It was not very important to the Silk Road trade, however, it did provide a port connection with Silk road goods to Africa. The city was not very developed during the Han Dynasty so its markets were not as big as the other port cities. The primary interactions of theis city with the Silk Road involved integrating any goods brought by merchants travelling on the southern route of the Silk into regular trade with northern Africa. The overall trade of this city was not well documented, so specific goods traded here with respect to the Silk Road was not available.
The City of Hotan
The city of Hotan was a very significant Silk Road city during the Han Dynasty. This city was a junction point on the silk road, linking China to Central Asia, the Middle East and beyond. Its location made it an impotant stop for merchants travelling through the deser routes of the Silk Road. It was know to be a trade hub as it was an imprtant stop for merchants and was famous for the amont of jade it contained. With the merchants came many different cultures and religions, which made this city very diverse. The Han Dynasty established military outposts and protectorates here to secure the stability and safety of the Silk road in this region. The City of Hotan was a crossroads of the various states and empires fighting for control of trade routes. The legacy of this city is found in its rich cultural heritage which is a result of the blending of cultures from China, India and Central Asia from the trade of the Silk Road.
- Silk
- Other Textiles
- Precious Metals and Stones
- Spices and Medicine
- Paper and Books
- Art and Pottery
- Food
- Animals/animal products
- Other
The City of Kashgar
The city of Kashgar was a crutial city with respect to Silk Road trade during the Han Dynasty. The location of this city is at the crossroads of the nothern and southern branches of the Silk Road, making it a cruital stop for merchants travelling between China, Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe. For many travellers, this city was the last stop before going through the more dangerous parts of the Silk Road. The markets of the city thrived with a wide variety of goods from all over the world traded. The city acted as a sort of center of trade forr the Silk Road. Along with the merchants from all over the world came their respective cultures and religions, making this city very diverse. The location of the city made it of interest to the Han Dynasty. Han China established military garrisons in this city to protect and cotrol the trade routes running through it. Archaeologists have found many goods such as art an precious metals providing insight into the Silk Road at this city.
- Silk
- Other Textiles
- Precious Metals and Stones
- Spices and Medicine
- Paper and Books
- Art and Pottery
- Food
- Animals/Animal Products
- Other
The City of Tashkent
The city of Tashkent, loacted in modern day Uzbekistan, had a notable role in the Silk Road during the Han Dynasty. During the Han Dynasty, this city was in early stages of development and was known for having fertile land. Its location in the Chach Valley made it an important stop for merchants on the Silk Road. It ws located near major trade routes of the Silk Road connecting China to the west. The role of this city in the Silk Road grew larger after the Han dynasty, but was still important during Han China. Like many other Silk Road cities, this city became a cultural, linguistic and religious melting pot from the merchants travlling through it. Han China never controlled this city, but it was controlled by various Persian and Turkish groups who infulenced the development of the city as well as the trade routes running through it. Archaeological excavations in and around Tashkent hav given insights into its role in early trade along the Silk Road.
- Silk
- Other Textiles
- Precious Metals and Stones
- Spices and Medicine
- Paper and Books
- Art and Pottery
- Food
- Animals/Animal Products
- Other
The City of Bukhara
The city of Bukhara was a developing regional trade center during Han China that later became a significant trade hub along the Silk Road. The city was occupied by the Sogdians, ho were an Iranian people that traded a lot along the Silk Road. The Sogdian traders facilitated a lot of trade between China, Central Asia and the west during the han Dynasty. Its location made it a stop fro many travellers of the Silk Road. Although it started as a city of Sogdians, the influx of trade due to the Silk Road brought merchants from all over the world, making this city a melting pot of many cultures. The city was mainly known for its skille craftmanship and cultural products, but a wide variety of goods found across the Silk Road were traded here. This city was never controlled by Han China, but it played a crutial role in facilitating trade between China and the West.
- Silk
- Other Textiles
- Precious Metals and Stones
- Spices and Medicine
- Paper and Books
- Art and Pottery
- Food
- Animals/Animal Products
- Other
The City of Merv
The city of Merv, located in modern day Turkmenistan, was a key city along the Silk Road. The city was still in development stages during the Han Dynasty but still served as a major trade hub. The city was located at a major crossroads of trade routes connecting the east and west. It was an oasis city in the middle of the Karakum Desert, making it an important stop for merchants travelling along the silk road before continuing through the harsh desert environment. Just as other Silk Road cities, this city became a cultural, linguistic and religios melting pot due to the merchants from across the world stopping here and spreading ideas, goods and religions. The city was home to fertile lands, allowing it to produce lots of agricultural goods to trade with merchants on the Silk Road. The City was never controlled by Han China, but still played a role in gatekeeping what was traded between the east and west.
- Silk
- Other Textiles
- Precious Metals and Stones
- Spices and Medicine
- Paper and Books
- Art and Pottery
- Food
- Animals/Animal Products
- Other
Works Cited
- Liu, Xinru. The Silk Road in World History. Oxford University Press, 2010.
- NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation). The Silk Road. NHK, NHK CosmoMedia America, www.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/tv/silkroad/. Accessed 10 Dec. 2023.
- Whitfield, Susan, editor. The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith. British Library, 2004.
- Smithsonian Institution. “The Silk Road: Connecting Cultures, Creating Trust.” Smithsonian Institution, www.si.edu/spotlight/silk-road. Accessed 10 Dec. 2023.
- International Dunhuang Project: The Silk Road Online. The British Library, idp.bl.uk/. Accessed 10 Dec. 2023.
- “Crossroads of the Silk Road: Bukhara.” Silk Road Journal, Silkroad Foundation, www.silk-road.com/newsletter/vol8num1/srjournal_v8n1.pdf. Accessed 10 Dec. 2023.
- De Crespigny, Rafe. “The Silk Road and the Political Economy of the Han Dynasty.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 53, no. 1-2, 2010, pp. 89-110. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25651433.
The Silk Road: Han China
Eli Campbell
Created on December 10, 2023
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Transcript
Works Cited
Turfan
Tashkent
Bukhara
Dunhuang
Kashgar
Hotan
Merv
Chang'an
Loyang
Berber
Guangzhou
Barygaza
The City of Dunhuang
During the Han Dynasty, Dunhuang emerged as a very significant city. Its location between he Han Dynasty and the Taklamakan Desert made it a cruital point of contact between the east an west. This crossroads of a city was utilized as a military outpost by the Han Dynasty as part of the defensive frontier againt the invasion of nomadic tribes. It was also a major hub for trade along the silk road as travellers would often stop here for rest before going through the more dangerous parts of the silk road. The markets of ths city thrived and brought considerable wealth to the Han Dynasty.
The City of Loyang
During the Han Dynasty, Loyang emerged as one of the most impotsnt cities. Loyang became the eastern capital of the Han Dynasty and was the center of government and adminitration. With its very central location it became a trade hub as well. It was very well connected with other parts of China and although it was not as dircetly a part of the Silk Road as other cities, its connection to the other parts of China as well as the city's wealth fostered a great economy and incouraged a lot of trade of Silk Road goods. The city was also well known as a key city for the study of Buddhism. Overall, this city was very important to the Han Dynasty and was a key location where the wealth, ideas and cultures from the Silk Road were taken in and intergrated into the heartland of China.
The City of Chang'an
During the Han Dynasty, the city of Chang'an was the capital city, as well as a major city of the Silk Road. Chang'an was known as the eastern starting point of the Silk road, meaning that merchants and travellers of the Silk Road would often end their journey here, often having travelled from as far as Persia or Rome. The city was a trade hub as the city's wealth and political influence brought merchants from all across the Silk Road that traded a wide variety of goods. The city was also a cultural melting pot as there was a diverse population of people that had travelled all across asia and europe. ideas and religions such as Buddhism, Zoroastrianism and Christianity found their way to the city from the Silk Road. The infrastructure of this city, mainly the imperial road system allowed for these traded goods, ideas and religions to be spread through the rest of China much more quickly than other Han cities.
The City of Guangzhou
The city of Guangzhou had a very unique role in relation to the Silk Road during the Han Dynasty. As the city was a major port city, it became know as the loaction of the Maritime Silk Road. The Silk Road is traditionally thought of as a web of land trade routes, this city traded Silk Road goods by sea. The expansionist policies of the Han Dynasty led to increased use of this city for maritime trade routes and exploration. The city had lots of international trade as merchants from many different regions such as the Roman Empire, southeast Asia, India and Arabs would sail hre for trade. This influx of foreign merchants also fostered a diverse city as cultural and religious exchange occured. The focus on this city from the Han Dynasty allowed it to be developed and expanded into one of the most sophisticated ports in ancient China. Chinese Historical texts highlight the importance of the city to maritime trade and exploration.
The City of Turfan
The of Turfan was an important city along the path of the Silk Road during Han China. The city is located in a feritle oasis near the Taklamakan Desert, which made it a crutial stopping point for merchants travelling along the Silk Road. The unique climate of this city as well as the advanced irrigation system made this city an agricultural hub, specifically with fruit production. It was a key stop along the northern route of the Silk Road as merchants would stop here for rest and a resupply of food and water bfore travelling through the harsh desert terrain. The city was a melting pot for cultures, languages and religions as the merchants consitantly stopping here were from many different regions across Europe and Asia. The Han established military garrisons here to protect trade routes and assert their presence in the region during their westward expansion.
The City of Barygaza
The city of Barygaza is known today as Bharuch, located in India, was not controlled by the Han Dynasty, however, it still played a large role in trade along the Silk Road. It is a major port city that is located in the mouth of the Narmada River, opening into the Arabian Sea. This made the port city an ideal stopping place for ships travelling between Southeast Asia, Africa and the Middle East. The city served as a connection between the land based Sik Road routes and maritime trade. This city was known for importing goods from the Roman Empire and exporting goods to West Asia, Southeast Asia and the Roman Empire. The markets of the city were very diverse as merchants from various parts of the world such as Greece, the Middle East, The Roman Empire, and Egypt all came here to trade. This city is very well documented in ancient Greek and Roman texts as being an important maritime trade route. The city was not directly related to Han China, but its role in the Silk Road indirectly links it to Han China.
The City of Berber
The City of Berber was a smaller port city located in India. It was not very important to the Silk Road trade, however, it did provide a port connection with Silk road goods to Africa. The city was not very developed during the Han Dynasty so its markets were not as big as the other port cities. The primary interactions of theis city with the Silk Road involved integrating any goods brought by merchants travelling on the southern route of the Silk into regular trade with northern Africa. The overall trade of this city was not well documented, so specific goods traded here with respect to the Silk Road was not available.
The City of Hotan
The city of Hotan was a very significant Silk Road city during the Han Dynasty. This city was a junction point on the silk road, linking China to Central Asia, the Middle East and beyond. Its location made it an impotant stop for merchants travelling through the deser routes of the Silk Road. It was know to be a trade hub as it was an imprtant stop for merchants and was famous for the amont of jade it contained. With the merchants came many different cultures and religions, which made this city very diverse. The Han Dynasty established military outposts and protectorates here to secure the stability and safety of the Silk road in this region. The City of Hotan was a crossroads of the various states and empires fighting for control of trade routes. The legacy of this city is found in its rich cultural heritage which is a result of the blending of cultures from China, India and Central Asia from the trade of the Silk Road.
The City of Kashgar
The city of Kashgar was a crutial city with respect to Silk Road trade during the Han Dynasty. The location of this city is at the crossroads of the nothern and southern branches of the Silk Road, making it a cruital stop for merchants travelling between China, Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe. For many travellers, this city was the last stop before going through the more dangerous parts of the Silk Road. The markets of the city thrived with a wide variety of goods from all over the world traded. The city acted as a sort of center of trade forr the Silk Road. Along with the merchants from all over the world came their respective cultures and religions, making this city very diverse. The location of the city made it of interest to the Han Dynasty. Han China established military garrisons in this city to protect and cotrol the trade routes running through it. Archaeologists have found many goods such as art an precious metals providing insight into the Silk Road at this city.
The City of Tashkent
The city of Tashkent, loacted in modern day Uzbekistan, had a notable role in the Silk Road during the Han Dynasty. During the Han Dynasty, this city was in early stages of development and was known for having fertile land. Its location in the Chach Valley made it an important stop for merchants on the Silk Road. It ws located near major trade routes of the Silk Road connecting China to the west. The role of this city in the Silk Road grew larger after the Han dynasty, but was still important during Han China. Like many other Silk Road cities, this city became a cultural, linguistic and religious melting pot from the merchants travlling through it. Han China never controlled this city, but it was controlled by various Persian and Turkish groups who infulenced the development of the city as well as the trade routes running through it. Archaeological excavations in and around Tashkent hav given insights into its role in early trade along the Silk Road.
The City of Bukhara
The city of Bukhara was a developing regional trade center during Han China that later became a significant trade hub along the Silk Road. The city was occupied by the Sogdians, ho were an Iranian people that traded a lot along the Silk Road. The Sogdian traders facilitated a lot of trade between China, Central Asia and the west during the han Dynasty. Its location made it a stop fro many travellers of the Silk Road. Although it started as a city of Sogdians, the influx of trade due to the Silk Road brought merchants from all over the world, making this city a melting pot of many cultures. The city was mainly known for its skille craftmanship and cultural products, but a wide variety of goods found across the Silk Road were traded here. This city was never controlled by Han China, but it played a crutial role in facilitating trade between China and the West.
The City of Merv
The city of Merv, located in modern day Turkmenistan, was a key city along the Silk Road. The city was still in development stages during the Han Dynasty but still served as a major trade hub. The city was located at a major crossroads of trade routes connecting the east and west. It was an oasis city in the middle of the Karakum Desert, making it an important stop for merchants travelling along the silk road before continuing through the harsh desert environment. Just as other Silk Road cities, this city became a cultural, linguistic and religios melting pot due to the merchants from across the world stopping here and spreading ideas, goods and religions. The city was home to fertile lands, allowing it to produce lots of agricultural goods to trade with merchants on the Silk Road. The City was never controlled by Han China, but still played a role in gatekeeping what was traded between the east and west.
Works Cited
- Liu, Xinru. The Silk Road in World History. Oxford University Press, 2010. - NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation). The Silk Road. NHK, NHK CosmoMedia America, www.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/tv/silkroad/. Accessed 10 Dec. 2023. - Whitfield, Susan, editor. The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith. British Library, 2004. - Smithsonian Institution. “The Silk Road: Connecting Cultures, Creating Trust.” Smithsonian Institution, www.si.edu/spotlight/silk-road. Accessed 10 Dec. 2023. - International Dunhuang Project: The Silk Road Online. The British Library, idp.bl.uk/. Accessed 10 Dec. 2023. - “Crossroads of the Silk Road: Bukhara.” Silk Road Journal, Silkroad Foundation, www.silk-road.com/newsletter/vol8num1/srjournal_v8n1.pdf. Accessed 10 Dec. 2023. - De Crespigny, Rafe. “The Silk Road and the Political Economy of the Han Dynasty.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 53, no. 1-2, 2010, pp. 89-110. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25651433.