The End of History in Question

The End of History in Question: How the Liberal Democracy is Faltering

What are human views around the world and how have they changed?

Though Francis Fukuyama and other political scientists conclude that the world has reached the political equilibrium of a liberal democracy, recent nationalist and right-wing trends indicate otherwise.

+ info

+ Info

The Americas

Moving Away from a Liberal Democracy

North America

South America

+ Citations

Europe

Are the original liberal democracies moving away from their ideological creations?

+ Citations

Africa

#1

Africa contains the least liberal and democratic country in the world: Eritrea ("Most Conservative")

Citations

1.5%

“Democracy Index 2022.” The Economist Intelligence Unit, 28 Sept. 2023, www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/. Kalapo, Moussa. Few have confidence in Goita’s motivations or his ultimate goals. “Most Conservative Countries 2023.” Wisevoter, 20 Mar. 2023, wisevoter.com/country-rankings/most-conservative-countries/#most-conservative-country.

The percent of African countries considered a 'full democracy' ("Democracy")

Asia

Over the past 20 years, Asia has not significantly changed its average liberal democracy score, with the countries averaging to be a hybrid regime ("Democracy").

+ info

+ Citations

Australasia

Citations:

Retiring radio host Neil Mitchell (left) and Anthony Albanese (right) have gone toe to toe after Mitchell said the PM was falling short of his pledge to raise the standard of political discourse. 1 Dec. 2023. Hutchins, Gareth. “Australians No Longer Trust Their Democracy, Survey Finds.” The Guardian, 5 Dec. 2018, www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/dec/05/australians-no-longer-trust-their-democracy-survey-finds.

The Netherlands

Although the Netherlands scores highly on liberal democracy metrics, their new leader Geert WI is far-right and anti-immigrant.

Venezuela

5.42

Venezuela's liberal democracy index from 2006-2022 ("Democracy")

2.23

(Nicolás Maduro)

Guatamala

After peaking in measurements of being a liberal democracy, Guatemala is now considered a 'hybrid regime' between Authoritarian and democracy ("Democracy").

Of Guatemalans support their democracy ("Level").

28%

(Formal Portrait)

Singapore

Though Singapore is a democracy by name, it is a dictatorship in practice. However, they offer a hybrid whereby their economy still relies on free trade, presenting one of the largest threats to a true liberal democracy (Meadows).

3rd

Highest GDP-PPP Per Capita in the world ("Top 10").

(May)

Argentina

Argentina has recently voted in President Javier Milei, a far-right politician from the 'freedom advances' party. Subsequently, Argentina has been relabelled from a 'full liberal democracy' to a 'flawed liberal democracy' indicating their move away from Fukuyama's beliefs ("Democracy").

"Wannabe Fascist"

(Javier Milei)

Honduras

In 2006, Honduras was considered by political scientists to be a slightly flawed liberal democracy ("Democracy"). Today, however, Honduras is a hybrid regime between authoritarian and liberal democracy, even seeking relations with China ("Honduras")

0.24

Out of

Honduras Liberal Democracy index ("Most Conservative")

(Honduran President)

Ballard, Jamie. “Polls from the Past: Democracy, Patriotism, and Trust in Other Americans.” YouGov, 30 June 2023, today.yougov.com/politics/articles/45867-polls-past-democracy-patriotism-trust-americans?redirect_from=%2Ftopics%2Fpolitics%2Farticles-reports%2F2023%2F06%2F30%2Fpolls-past-democracy-patriotism-trust-americans. Finchelstein, Federico. “Javier Milei Is the World’s Latest Wannabe Fascist.” Foreign Policy, 9 Dec. 2023, foreignpolicy.com/2023/12/09/javier-milei-is-the-worlds-latest-wannabe-fascist/. Formal Portrait of Dr. Alejandro Giamatteti. 22 Nov. 2021. Honduran President Xiomara Castro at the Presidential House in Tegucigalpa in November. 15 Mar. 2023. Horse, Shay. Donald Trump’s supporters violently breached the Capitol on January 6 to prevent the certification of President Joe Biden’s victory. 6 Jan. 2021. Washington D.C. “Level of Support for Democracy in Guatemala 2020.” Statista, 21 July 2023, www.statista.com/statistics/990616/guatemala-democracy-support-rates/. Javier Milei carried a chainsaw at many of his rallies as a symbol of his planned cuts. Buenos Aires. Levine, Sam. “US Sinks to New Low in Rankings of World’s Democracies.” The Guardian, 24 Mar. 2021, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/mar/24/us-world-democracy-rankings-freedom-house-new-low. “Most Conservative Countries 2023.” Wisevoter, 20 Mar. 2023, wisevoter.com/country-rankings/most-conservative-countries/#most-conservative-country. Nicolás Maduro also said the Venezuelan authorities had foiled a plot to cause an explosion at another oil refinery. 12 Sept. 2020.

United States

All measures of liberal democracy in the United States peaked under President Barrack Obama (Levine). Those measures now indicate that the United States is a 'flawed liberal democracy'.

71%

38%

% of Americans unsatisfied with their democracy, 1997 vs 2023 (Ballard)

(Horse)

“Democracy Index 2022.” The Economist Intelligence Unit, 28 Sept. 2023, www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/. May, Wong. Newly appointed Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong takes the oath of office Thursday night in Singpapore. 12 Aug. 2004. Singapore. Meadows, Donella. “Singapore Leads the Good Life Under a Benevolent Dictator.” The Academy for Systems Change, 2 Nov. 2011, donellameadows.org/archives/singapore-leads-the-good-life-under-a-benevolent-dictator/#:~:text=It’s%20a%20dictatorship%20with%20free,%2C%20Confucianist%2C%20bureaucratic%20state%E2%80%9D. Seong, Jeongmin, et al. “Asia on the Cusp of a New Era.” McKinsey & Company, 22 Sept. 2023, www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/asia-on-the-cusp-of-a-new-era. “Top 10 Richest Countries in the World by GDP per Capita in 2023.” Forbes India, 7 Dec. 2023, www.forbesindia.com/article/explainers/top-10-richest-countries-in-the-world/87305/1.

Brexit

United Kingdom

Though the United Kingdom is still considered a liberal democracy, the Conservative Party has resurfaced nationalist sentiments through Brexit and the Rwanda scheme.

Australia

Of Australians were satisfied with their democracy in 2007 (Hutchens).

86%

VS.

In 2018. If this trend continues, Australia's democracy may be rendered illegitamate

41%

("Retiring radio host")

France

Though France is still run as a liberal democracy, recent evidence suggests that nationalist far-right movements are the most popular (Basso).

Mali

Considered a flawed democracy in 2010, Mali is now under authoritarian, nationalist rule, following the same path as many other African countries ("Democracy").

(Kalapo)

Basso, Davide. “EU Elections: Le Pen’s Party Takes Poll Lead.” Euractiv, 18 Oct. 2023, www.euractiv.com/section/elections/news/eu-elections-le-pens-party-takes-poll-lead/. Dawson, Bethany. “UK’s Botched Rwanda Deportation Plan Comes with £290m Price Tag.” POLITICO, 8 Dec. 2023, www.politico.eu/article/uk-rishi-sunak-cost-rwanda-asylum-deportation-plan/.