ISS ( INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION )

ISS (International Space Station)

The International Space Station is a co-operative program between Europe, the United States, Russia, Canada, and Japan for the joint development, operation and utilisation of a permanently inhabited Space Station in low Earth orbit. The legal framework defines the rights and obligations of each of the countries and their jurisdiction and control with respect to their Space Station elements.

The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station that keeps moving in low earth orbit.

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The first ISS component was launched in 1998, and the first long-term residents arrived on 2 November 2000 after being launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on 31 October 2000.[26] The station has since been continuously occupied for 23 years and 35 days,[27] the longest continuous human presence in low Earth orbit, having surpassed the previous record of 9 years and 357 days held by the Mir space station.This marvel of engineering orbits Earth at an average altitude of 420 kilometers, serving as a collaborative effort with international partners, including Russia, Europe, Japan, and Canada.

CANADA

• Canada has been a valuable partner in the International Space Station (ISS) program, contributing significantly to its construction, operation, and scientific research.

-> Contribution of the Canadarm: Canada is renowned for its development of the Canadarm, a robotic arm used on the Space Shuttle program. This technology became a cornerstone of Canada's involvement in space exploration.

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-> Canadarm2 and Dextre:The Canadarm2, a more advanced and versatile version, was a pivotal element in the assembly and maintenance of the ISS. It played a crucial role in capturing and docking spacecraft, as well as in extravehicular activities (spacewalks).

-> Scientific Research:Canadian astronauts have actively participated in scientific research aboard the ISS, conducting experiments in areas such as physics, biology, and medicine. Notable experiments include research on the effects of microgravity on the human body.

EUROPE

Europe, represented by the European Space Agency (ESA), has been a crucial partner in the International Space Station (ISS) program, contributing significantly to its construction, technology, and scientific research.

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-> Columbus Laboratory: One of Europe's major contributions to the ISS is the Columbus Laboratory, a versatile research module. Launched in 2008, Columbus provides a platform for a wide range of scientific experiments, particularly in life sciences, materials science, and fluid physics.

-> Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV):Europe played a key role in resupplying the ISS through its Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) program. The ATV was an unmanned cargo spacecraft designed to deliver supplies, including food, equipment, and fuel, to the station.

-> Astronaut Contributions:European astronauts have been active participants in ISS missions, conducting scientific experiments, and technology demonstrations, and contributing to the station's overall maintenance and operations.

JAPAN

• JAXA wants to ensure that Japanese players remain involved in low-Earth orbit once the private sector becomes the driving force there.
• Mitsui is considering developing a science module that would be attached to a private space station planned by Axiom Space. (Rendering courtesy of Axiom Space)
• Other countries are also focusing on commercial opportunities in low-Earth orbit after the retirement of the International Space Station.

The Kibo Laboratory stands as a testament to Japan's capabilities in space research and technology development.

Japan's contributions to the ISS highlight its commitment to advancing scientific knowledge, technological innovation, and international collaboration in the realm of space exploration

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-> Kibo Laboratory: Japan's primary contribution to the ISS is the Kibo Laboratory, a multifunctional research module. Launched in three parts from 2008 to 2009, Kibo provides facilities for various experiments in life sciences, materials science, Earth observations, and space medicine.

-> JAXA Astronauts: Japanese astronauts from JAXA have been actively involved in ISS missions, conducting experiments, performing maintenance tasks, and contributing to the overall operations of the station.

-> Technology Demonstrations: Japan has demonstrated cutting-edge space technology on the ISS, including robotic arms and advanced robotics systems. The robotic arm on the Kibo Laboratory, known as the Small Fine Arm, enhances the capabilities for delicate tasks.

-> Russian Orbital Segment (ROS): Russia's contribution to the ISS is known as the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS). This segment includes modules, systems, and spacecraft provided by the Russian space agency, Roscosmos.

RUSSIA

Russia has been a key partner in the International Space Station (ISS) program since its inception, contributing critical components, launching crewed missions, and providing valuable expertise.

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The Russian space agency has unveiled a physical model of what a planned Russian-built space station will look like, suggesting Moscow is serious about abandoning the International Space Station (ISS) and going it alone. Russia wants to reduce its dependency on western countries and forge ahead on its own, or cooperate with countries such as China and Iran, after sanctions were imposed by the west as a result of the invasion of Ukraine.

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->Research and Scientific Experiments: Russian scientists and cosmonauts have conducted a wide range of scientific experiments aboard the ISS, contributing to research in physics, materials science, space medicine, and biology.

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Nasa, which wants to keep the ISS operating until 2030, says it has not yet received official confirmation of Russia’s planned withdrawal and had previously understood that Moscow would continue to participate until 2028.

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• Canada's commitment to the ISS has extended over the years, with ongoing collaborations and contributions to the station's maintenance and upgrades.
• Canada's contributions to the ISS exemplify its commitment to space exploration and technological innovation on the international stage.

Canada has made a strong commitment as a partner in the INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION and, like the other partners, wishes to see the assembly of this unique orbiting laboratory continue,

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• Starlab will support a continuous human presence in low-Earth orbit starting no earlier than 2027.
• It's expected to launch as soon as 2028, with operations set to start in 2029.

During the European Space Agency (ESA) summit in Seville, Spain, the two companies along with the ESA signed a Memorandum of Understanding for the Starlab space station. The agreement outlined the station's focus on science and technology development as well as how the collaboration will offer an alternative low-Earth orbit destination. Right now, the International Space Station (ISS) is the go-to — however, the ISS is set to be retired in 2030 and scheduled to be totally deorbited in 2031.

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