EMBEDDED SYSTEM

EMBEDDED SYSTEM(Arduino)

History

Embedded systems are designed using special purpose hardware and OS to perform a specific task . It's very interesting to explore its Historical events. Industry has made her life so simple and easier everything has been possible due to inventions and development of semiconductor technology. In 1944 the world's first programmable electronic digital computer was developed for a battle purpose ,it was Colossus mark 1 and mark 2 ,specifically designed by British codebreakers to read encrypted German messages.

In the 1960 's a most crucial NASA's lunar machine program called AGC(Apollo Guidance Computer) was a project by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT laboratory. This AGC was the first to use integrated circuits with one megahertz clock. The user interface which has a seven segment display unit with the keyboard,it acts as a common Bridge between the astronauts and computer. In 1968 , Intel was founded by Robert noise and Gordan moore which led to the evolution of microcontroller and microprocessor which is the heart of many modern electronics in 1969. In 1992 the embedded system went wireless and our contemporary scenario over 95% of Electronics chips produced in our usage .

Arduino Uno pin configuration

You will learn pin configuration of the following models:

• Arduino Uno(R3)
• Arduino Mega (R3)
• Arduino Nano
• Arduino Leonardo
• Arduino Due
• LilyPad Arduino
• Arduino Micro
• Arduino Pro Mini

The Arduino UNO Board, with the specification of pins, is shown below: GND - Ground pins. The ground pins are used to ground the circuit. TXD and RXD: TXD and RXD pins are used for serial communication. The TXD is used for transmitting the data, and RXD is used for receiving the data. USB Interface The USB Interface is used to plug-in the USB cable. It allows the board to connect to the computer. It is essential for the programming of the Arduino UNO board. RESET : It is used to add a Reset button to the connection. SCK It stands for Serial Clock. These are the clock pulses, which are used to synchronize the transmission of data. MISO It stands for Master Input/ Slave Output. The save line in the MISO pin is used to send the data to the master.

VCC: It is the modulated DC supply voltage, which is used to regulate the IC's used in the connection. It is also called as the primary voltage for IC's present on the Arduino board. The Vcc voltage value can be negative or positive with respect to the GND pin. Crystal Oscillator: The Crystal oscillator has a frequency of 16MHz, which makes the Arduino UNO a powerful board. ICSP: It stands for In-Circuit Serial Programming. The users can program the Arduino board's firmware using the ICSP pins. SDA: It stands for Serial Data. It is a line used by the slave and master to send and receive data. It is called as a data line, while SCL is called as a clock line. SCL: It stands for Serial Clock. It is defined as the line that carries the clock data. It is used to synchronize the transfer of data between the two devices. The Serial Clock is generated by the device and it is called as master. SPI: It stands for Serial Peripheral Interface. It is popularly used by the microcontrollers to communicate with one or more peripheral devices quickly. 3.3V and 5V are the operating voltages of the board.

SENSORS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• Introduction to Sensor
• a sensor is a device that detects and measures physical properties or changes in the environment and converts them into signals that can be interpreted, displayed, or further processed. These devices act as the senses of electronic systems, providing crucial information for decision-making.
• Block diagram of sensor

• Sensors with their operations
• 1.IR sensor( LM393):
• How sensor works

• Description of the block diagram
• 1. Excitation :
• 2. external sources:
• 3. Ground:
• 4. Output:

Uses

IR sensors used in various projects and also in various electronic devices: 1.Night Vision Devices: 2.Radiation Thermometers 3.Infrared Tracking 4.soil moisture sensor 5.Light dependent resistor(LDR)/LM358:

Sensor Applications

§ sThe LDR is used in light failure alarm circuits and used in light meter. § The LDR used in smoke detectors. § It is used for automatic contrast and brightness control in television receivers. § It is used in photosensitive relay § It is used in optical coding. § It is used in street light control circuits. § It is used in camera light meters. § It is used in the security alarm. § It is used as a proximity switch.

HOME AUTOMATION USING BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY WITH VOICE COMMAND

This presentation explores the application of Bluetooth Voice Control in home automation usiog Arduino. We will discuss how this technology enhances comfort and efficiency in a formal setting.

• Aim and Objectives
• Using Bluetooth technology, we can control home devices through voice commands, Offering a hands-free and convenient experience. This feature allows for seamless integration with Arduino based home automation systems.
• This microcontroller (Arduino Uno) is intelligent enough to convert the text command executable according to the programming that is involved as per requirement.
• The goal of this system is to help disable and elderly people.

Challenges :

• One of the major challenges that have been faced by the home automation is its cost.
• Although home automation gives the best ultimate user experience, sometimes affordability factor come up in the middle

Bluetooth module

• How does Bluetooth work?
• You may have used Bluetooth, for example, to connect a mobile phone to a speaker or to headphones. In this case the phone is known as the ‘main unit’ and the speaker or headphones are known as ‘peripheral’. Connecting the devices is called ‘pairing’. Devices connected in a Bluetooth network communicate with each other using ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio waves

RELAYS

5V Single-Channel Relay Module

Relay module      Relay is an electromechanical device that uses an electric current to open or close the contacts of a switch. The single-channel relay module is much more than just a plain relay, it comprises of components that make switching and connection easier and act as indicators to show if the module is powered and if the relay is active or not.    Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays were first used in long-distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal coming in from one circuit by transmitting it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

How to become an Embedded system Engineer

• With the ongoing evolution of technology and the integration of embedded systems into everyday devices, the role of ECE professionals specializing in embedded systems will remain vital and continue to expand in the coming years.

Skills required: The following images shows you the way of becoming an embedded system engineer:

• C
• C++

• Linux operating system
• Knowledge in microprocessors and Microcontroller(8051)

FEW Companies: Arduino Intel Siemens. General Motors. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS. Seven 3Digital Pvt Ltd Srushti robotics technology pvt Ltd

CONCLUSION: Diverse Opportunities: Careers in embedded systems offer a wide array of roles, including embedded software engineers, firmware developers, hardware engineers, etc. Project-Based Learning: Engage in projects that interest you, pushing your skills and knowledge further with each new endeavor. In conclusion, embracing the dynamic world of embedded systems powered by Arduino opens doors to a rewarding and innovative career path filled with endless possibilities.

DISADVANTAGES of Embedded Systems

Additionally, there are a few drawbacks of employing embedded systems:

• Limited resources: Compared to general-purpose computers, embedded systems frequently have less processing power, memory, and other resources since they are made to carry out a specific mission
• Limited flexibility: Because embedded systems are made for a specialised purpose, they are less adaptable than general-purpose computers and may have trouble meeting evolving or new needs.

• The difficulty of programming: Programming and debugging embedded systems may be challenging, especially for people unfamiliar with the hardware and software platforms in use.

• Absence of standardisation: The lack of standards in embedded system development might make it challenging for developers to deal with a range of various platforms and tools.
• Hardware dependence: Embedded systems are sometimes intimately coupled to certain hardware platforms, making it challenging to upgrade the system without making major modifications to the hardware.
• Limited support: Because embedded systems are specialized, they might not have as much documentation and support as general-purpose computers, making it more challenging for developers to get assistance and resources while working with them.

SOLUTIONS

• Simplify designs, make sure that hardware and software work together
• -make smart component choices
• - manage power effectively
• -give security a top priority
• - keep up with technology updates
• -keep up with good documentation and use efficient coding techniques if you want to succeed.

Real life applications of Bluetooth technology:

• Smart Homes:You can control various smart devices like lights, thermostats, locks, and appliances using Bluetooth-enabled voice control, allowing hands-free management of your home.

• Automotive Systems:Bluetooth voice control in cars enables hands-free calling, navigation, controlling entertainment systems, and adjusting settings without taking your hands off the wheel.

• Healthcare: In healthcare, Bluetooth voice control assists in hands-free operation of medical equipment and devices, aiding healthcare professionals in maintaining hygiene and multitasking.
• Consumer Electronics: Embedded systems are used in consumer electronics such as smartphones, tablets, and smartwatches. These systems provide the necessary speed and accuracy to ensure that these devices work seamlessly.