"word formation Processes"

Universidad Tecnica del Norte

GENERAL LINGUISTICS

By Mavelyn Gómez Quilca

“WORD FORMATION PROCESSES”

WORD FORMATION

4.

1.

CLIPPING

ETYMOLOGY

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5.

2.

CONVERSION

BORROWING

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6.

3.

BLENDING

ACRONYMS

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ETYMOLOGY

Etymology is the linguistic discipline that studies the origin of words, their evolution over time, and their connections to other terms. Examine the history and roots of words to understand their meaning and development.

IMPORTANCE:

Etymology enriches the understanding and use of language, revealing the origin and evolution of familiar words, improving communication.

EXAMPLE:

- Telephone: From the Greek "tele" (far) and "phono" (sound), referring to the transmission of sound at a distance. - Automobile: Composed of "car" (by itself) and "mobile" (movement), reflecting the ability to move by itself. - Library: It comes from the Greek "biblion" (book) and "theke" (depository), indicating a place where books are kept. - Photography: Derived from the Greek "photos" (light) and "grapho" (writing), representing writing with light. - Geography: Combines "geo" (land) and "grapho" (writing), relating to the description and study of the earth.

BORROWING

The process of borrowing in English has enriched their vocabulary with words from various origins, such as the French "croissant" or the German "pretzel". Other languages also adopt English terms, such as Japanese with "supaa" (supermarket). Some loanwords include literal translations, such as the French "gratte-ciel" for "skyscraper." In addition, certain benefits have evolved in meaning, such as the German use of "partner" in "im Partnerlook".

IMPORTANCE:

This linguistic exchange reflects the cultural dynamics and adaptability of language.

EXAMPLE:

Direct Loan: Example: "Café" (from the French "café"). Linguistic Tracing: Example: "Skyscraper" (from the French "gratte-ciel"). Phonetic Adaptation: Example: "Football".

BLENDING

Word blending, known as "blending," creates new terms by combining the beginning of one word with the end of another, such as "garaiol" for an alcohol product similar to gasoline.

IMPORTANCE:

Creating words by merging parts of two different terms is a way to reflect cultural or conceptual fusions.

EXAMPLE:

Brunch: A fusion of "breakfast" and "lunch" used to refer to a meal that combines elements of both. Smog: A combination of "smoke" and "fog" to describe the combined effects of air pollution. Telethon: A fusion of "television" and "marathon," used to describe fundraising activity on television that feels like a marathon.

CLIPPING

Linguistic clipping, evident in words like "fax" or "gas," reflects a process of reduction common in informal speech. This phenomenon is observed in personal names and academic terms, suggesting educational influence. In Australian and British English, hypocorisms are formed, such as "barbie" for "barbecue".

IMPORTANCE:

Reducing long words to express ideas more briefly and colloquially is a common practice.

EXAMPLE:

1. Telephone from (tele)telephone.2. Airplane from airplane (aerial). 3. Announcement of (announcement). 4. Examination of (Examination). 5. Flu by (influenza).

CONVERSION

It is the process of coining a new word in a different part of the sentence and with a different distribution feature but without adding any derived elements, so that the basic form of the original word and the basic form of the derived word are homonymous.

IMPORTANCE:

Assign an existing word to a new syntactic category.

EXAMPLE:

butter (N) to butter the bread permit (V) an entry permit empty (A) to empty the litter-bin poor (A) a poor

ACRONYMS

LThe acronym is the process by which a new word is formed from the initial letters of the constituent words of a phrase or sentence. For example, the initial letters of words.The phrase North Atlantic Treaty Organization forms the word NATO.

IMPORTANCE:

Acronyms also encompass a different version, called 'initialisms', which is also a phrase that is indicated using the first letter of each word included in the sentence.

EXAMPLE:

a) Radar a) Radio detection and ranging b) FYI b) For your information c) TGIF c) Thank God, it's Friday d) Alias d) Also known as e) Html e) Hypertext Markup Language f) www f) World Wide Web g) SWOT g) Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats