Transposition and modulation

TRANSLATION PROCEDURES

BY NEWMARK

Transposition

Differences in the morphological and syntax structures between languages Grammatical rules aren't the same Exceptions in every language Literal and word for word translation actually don't help = With this conversion, you only make clumsy translations

Transposition

Also known as replacement or recategorization With the transposition procedure, you have to make changes and modifications in order to adapt to the grammar, syntax and morphology of the target language. The message and the lexicon aren't being modified at all. That means that you cannot translate certain words in the morphological, syntactical or grammatical category. Marianne's dog = del Marianne perro X El perro de Marianne O

Singular to plural

Change the word from singular to plural or viceversa to make a consistent translation The test was successful = Los análisis fueron un éxito / El análisis fue un éxito (depend on the context) Sheep ran amok and started to hit stuff = Las ovejas perdieron el control y comenzaron a golpear cosas (Context) =/ La oveja perdió el control y comenzó a golpear algo The students are receiving a scholarship = Los estudiantes/alumnos El alumnado está recibiendo una beca. / Student body

Change of grammatical group

Any word translated can be transposed into another grammatical group, this depends on the way and style we want to write or express Is necessary (Adj.) - Es necesario (Adj.) / Es una necesidad/requisito (Noun) / Se necesita (Verb) He's always late (Adv.) = Él siempre tarda en llegar (Verb) Siempre tarde con él Let's take a rest (noun), I'm tired! = ¡Descansemos, qué cansancio! Tomemos un descanso, estoy cansado. (Possible)

Change of group structure

Since there isn't an equivalent in the same structural group in the target language, it must be changed because the language requieres it Weather forecast (noun/lack possessive adjective) = Pronóstico del tiempo/clima (noun) Clima pronóstico / Pronóstico clima X Contract addendum - Anexo al contrato Anexo en/del contrato

Syntax

We have to change the syntax in order to make the translation more coherent and consistent Passive voice in English My homework was done. Mi tarea fue realizada (por mí) X Terminé mi tarea. (Active voice) The enemy was hit by the archers. El enemigo fue impactado por los arqueros. Los arqueros impactaron al enemigo.

Syntax

Passive form in Spanish El acusado fue arrestado y puesto a juicio. (Passive voice) OK The defendant was arrested and put on trial. (Passive voice) OK Expulsaron a mi hermano de la escuela. Expelled my brother of the school he was. (Unless you're Yoda) X My brother was expelled from school. OK

Change carried out

This takes literal translations apart, since we can find words that when translated in a literal way, doing so will make the that word inaapropriate for the speech. The show ran over (had a duration, lasted) four seasons until it was cancelled, because it wasn't that successful. El programa se realizó sobre cuatro temporadas hasta que lo cancelaron, porque no tuvo tanto éxito. El programa duró cuatro temporadas...

Change in the order of the words

What do you think about the product that you bought in our store and used for the last 4 weeks? ¿Qué opinas sobre el producto que compraste en nuestra tienda y usaste durante las últimas cuatro semanas? (Long question) En las últimas cuatro semanas de uso, ¿qué opinas del producto que compraste en nuestra tienda?

Change in connectors

When we translate and find connectors that doesn't sound in a natural way in the translation, we can change them to make the translation more fluent. The other day, I ran into one of my college ex-classmates, and actually we didn't want to talk. El otro día me encontré con uno de mis excompañeros de la universidad, y de hecho no quisimos hablar. El otro día me topé con un excompañero de la universidad, pero, en realidad, no queríamos charlar.

Modulation

We are making changes depending on the point of view. Expressing the same message, but in a different way. Transposition (above) and change of lexicon can be used. Depends on how the original text is expressed, and if the translator doesn't like keeping the same structure of the original source, the translator can make that modification.

From one category to another

a. Instrument = describe its processMáquina de escribir = Un aparato con el que se escribía sobre papel con rotuladores pequeños b. Part of a whole She was advised not to wash her hair for a couple of days. Le aconsejaron que no se lavara la cabeza algunos días. c. One part for another Did you know that Peter brushes shoulders with the most important people in Santiago? ¿Sabías que Peter se codea con la gente más importante de Santiago? d. Process replaced by the processed object Distillation of alcohol = Tequila

Form-function / Concrete to abstract

Phone books - Directorio telefónico - Sección Amarilla Social media - Redes sociales PC (personal computer) - computadora de escritorio (ordenadores [castellano]) Laptop - Ordenador portátil [Castellano] / Equipo portátil Sea - Las aguas She gave me a hand. Me ayudó.

Action to purpose / Personal / impersonal

Pay-per-view (Cable) = Pago por evento / Pay (verb)Online sale website = Página de ventas por internet Mail-order firms = Empresas de venta por correo Teaching learning = aprendizaje de la enseñanza (Aprender a enseñar) The rainstorm was strong = Llovió terrible

Change of roles / Social modulation

The rainstorm caught us by surprise - Y que nos agarró por sorpresa la tormenta TV - televisión (tele) Car - automóvil) (coche/carro) Mobile phone - Celular (Cel/Smartphone/(Any brand))

Explicit / implicit

Nintendo - Nintendo, la nueva consola...La empresa Nintendo El juego de Nintendo The acclaimed author of The Hunger Games series of books Suzanne Collins

Change to the sense of the message

The original text might have something without a equivalence in a specific context You have to be very careful, because some stakeholders might be into monkey business. Trapicheo/transa/juego sucio Debes tener cuidado, porque algunos interesados podrían estar en juegos sucios/transas X Debes tener cuidado, porque algunos empresarios podrían estar involucrados en algún tipo de trato clandestino/podrían realizar negocios debajo del agua