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Freedmen’s Bureau during Reconstruction controversially aimed to:
Provide food, clothing and tools aiding transition to paid work
Resettle former slaves out West with claimed land plots
Fund public education helping transition from servile status
Register freed voters to achieve universal male enfranchisement
Defend black families against exploitative contract employers
Post-Civil War Black Codes passing in Southern states intended to:
Deny economic mobility or property ownership aspirations
Secure a disciplined, subservient agricultural workforce
Impede access to voting, jury duty and public office
Encourage racially separate civic institutions under neutral equality frameworks
All of the above
Contested 1876 election disputes focused on recognizing results in:
Louisiana, South Carolina and Florida, where violence intimidated black turnout
Virginia, with rival state governments certifying electors
Florida, where tight margins provoked recount fights
New York and Indiana, where electoral college defectors shifted outcomes
Oregon, hinging on whether 1 late vote was procedurally valid
Interstate commerce disputes between railroads and farmers often centered on issues like:
Price discrimination causing farmers captive rates higher than competitors’
Railroad land grants increasing acreage costs for farmers
Railroad safety risks of sparks igniting crop fires along tracks
Railroad dominance in speculative commodities markets manipulating crop futures
Years-long shipping delays and supply stockpiles depreciating crop values
Political machines thrived in late-1800s urban environments by:
Controlling blocks of swing voters in closely contested districts
Exploiting America’s open immigration to expand loyal voter ranks
Providing social services to develop ward loyalty in exchange
Mastering electoral procedures from stump speeches to get-out-the-vote
All the above
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