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WORK HISTORY

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Created on November 30, 2023

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Transcript

How work changed throughout the ages

THE HISTORY OF WORK

LATIN

PHILOSOPHY

HISTORY

ART

LITERATURE

NOW

Slaves were called res, “things”, by everyone and by their own legislation. In Rome you could be a slave because of your origins, because of debts or because of war. Each city had its own slave market with an exposition of them. The owner treated the most valuable slaves better, while the others were treated worse. Then they could be freed because of kindness, or because the slaves paid the owner.

1. SLAVES IN ROMAN CULTURE

ANCIENT ROMAN EMPIRE

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Hegel talked about work when he theorised the Master-Slave dialectic: he thought that if the master had a slave he would comletely abandon himself to him, so he would let him do evereything and he would hsve lose his indipendence, putting the slave in a situation of power. Instead Marx thought that work makes men what they are, and so it distinguishes humans from animals. He theorised the concept of capitalism, based on the MCM formula: purchase (M) of the commodity of labour-power (C) and its metamorphosis into surplus-value (M’).

2. HEGEL AND MARX

XIIX-XIX century

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Industrialization led to the growth of factories, where many workers were employed in often challenging conditions. Long working hours, low wages, and precarious conditions were common. An industrialized working class emerged, in which children were often exploited due to their small hands. Furthermore, there was the expansion of railways that created new job opportunities in the transportation sector.

3. SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND VICTORIAN AGE

XIX-XX century

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One of Courbet's most famous paintings on the theme of work is "The Stonebreakers". This painting depicts a group of workers breaking large boulders to produce building stone. The artist intentionally chose to represent this heavy and tiring activity to highlight the importance of manual labor and the harshness of the lives of workers of the time.

4. REALISM AND COUBERT

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Both of the authors’ works are important testimonies that help to understand the conditions of exploitation that young workers had to face during the industrial era, and have contributed to raise public awareness of children's rights and the importance of guaranteeing them a childhood.

VERGA AND DICKENS

SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY

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The current state of work is influenced by several factors and presents significant challenges that can be addressed through the lens of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The 2030 Agenda aims to promote decent and sustainable work for all, focusing on some key objectives. One of the main objectives is to promote full employment and decent work for all. However, globalization and other economic transformations have led to greater informality and unstable employment contracts. It is therefore necessary to adopt policies and regulations that guarantee social protection, workers' rights and employment security.

6. GOAL 8:

promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all.

Now work is something disposable for almost everyone and it tries to be garanteed safely for everybody by 2030.

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WHAT PERIOD IS IT?

The Second Industrial Revolution is a period that goes from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, characterized by significant technological, economic, and social developments that started in England. This period equals to the Victorian era in Britain, named after Queen Victoria, who reigned from 1837 to 1901, that issued many regulations aimed for social and economic progress.

REALISM

Realism is an artistic and literary movement that originated in the 19th century. It contrasted with romanticism, trying to represent reality in an objective and truthful way. Realists focused on everyday life and social problems, portraying the working class and bourgeoisie.

SIMILARITIES

The two philosophers pointed out that the worker is alienated in four ways, one being alienation from the product. Although workers are the direct producers of goods, they are slaves of the goods they produce. Marx believed that the rich in society utilize wealth to subjugate and dominate the poor. Hegel viewed property as the means to ends meaning that each person should possess property in order to fulfill his or her needs

DIFFERENCES

TRE TYPES OF SLAVES

  • domestic slaves for the familia urbana: clean the house, care for the childern
  • domestic slaves for the familia rustica: they worked on the large estates
  • slaves of the state, servi publici: they had administrative and financial tasks

GIOVANNI VERGA

Verga represents the condition of exploitation of children in the Sicilian countryside through works such as "I Malavoglia" and the novella "Rosso Malpelo". The young protagonists of these stories are victims of a social system that deprives them of any possibility of improvement. Dickens addresses the theme of child labor in works such as "Hard Times" and "Oliver Twist". Through the description of characters such as Oliver Twist, a young orphan forced to live in an orphanage and subsequently exploited as an apprentice, Dickens highlights the inhuman conditions in which children were forced to live and work.

CHARLES DICKENS

The 2030 Agenda is committed to ensure safe and healthy working conditions for all. This involves promoting safe working environments, preventing workplace accidents and occupational diseases, as well as promoting the health and well-being of workers.To achieve these goals is required collaboration between governments and international organizations. Targeted policies and investments are needed to create an environment conducive to decent work, with particular attention to the most vulnerable groups such as young people, people with disabilities and rural populations. Furthermore, it is essential to promote education and professional training to develop skills suited to the needs of the current and future labor market.