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CAUSATIVE STRUCTURES
Isabel Lima
Created on November 29, 2023
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Causative structures
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We use causatives when we want to talk about something that somebody else did for or to us or another person.
The subject does not perform the action: it causes a third person (agent) to do it for/to them.
Hannah does her nails
Agent: the esthetician
Structure
Agent: the mechanic
John repairs his car
Structure
Agent: the hairdresser
Grace cuts her hair
Structure
Emma is washing her feet
Agent: the masseuse
Structure
Violet is cleaning her wound
Agent: the nurse
Structure
Mark built his house
Agent: the workers
Structure
Martha took a photo of herself
Agent: someone
Structure
Diane has eaten breakfast
Agent: her dog
Structure
Kevin has broken the TV
Agent: his toddler
Structure
Agent: his father
Anthony is going to cook his dinner tomorrow.
Structure
Maggie will clean her room
Agent: the housekeeper
Structure
Agent: a travel agent
Sophia will plan a trip
Structure
Agent: Marcus
Marcus has been stealing her money
Structure
Claire has not been doing her homework
Agent: anyone
Structure
Joey had made the design
Agent: professionals
Structure
Causatives
Have/Get +
PP +
by +
S +
O+
*Have/get must be in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence (clean)*Note that the subject doesn't change
Subject + Verb + Object
Maggie will have/will get her room cleaned by the housekeeper. S + CV (have/get) + O + PP (main verb) + by + A
Subject + Verb + Object
Emma is having/is getting her feet washed by the masseuse. S + CV (have/get) + O + PP (main verb) + by + A
Causatives
Have/Get +
PP +
by +
S +
O+
*Have/get must be in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence (build)*Note that the subject doesn't change
Causatives
PP +
by +
S +
Have/Get +
O+
*Have/get must be in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence (do)*Note that the subject doesn't change
Subject + Verb + Object
Subject + Verb + Object
Subject + Verb + Object
Subject + Verb + Object
Subject + Verb + Object
Hannah has/gets her nails done by the esthetician. S + CV (have/get) + O + PP (main verb) + by + A
Subject + Verb + Object
S + V + O
Subject + Verb + Object
Causatives
Have/Get +
PP +
by +
S +
O+
*Have/get must be in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence (cut)*Note that the subject doesn't change
Subject + Verb + Object
Subject + Verb + Object
Subject + Verb + Object
Causatives
Have/Get +
PP +
by +
S +
O+
+ Comp.
*Have/get must be in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence (cook)*Note that the subject doesn't change *The agent is placed right after the past participle, preceded by the preposition "by" = PASSIVE *The complement is placed at the end of the sentence, after the agent
Causatives
Have/Get +
PP +
by +
S +
O+
*Have/get must be in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence (plan)*Note that the subject doesn't change
Subject + Verb + Object
Causatives
Have/Get +
PP +
by +
S +
O+
*Have/get must be in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence (take)*Note that the subject doesn't change
Violet is having/is getting her wound cleaned by the nurse. S + CV (have/get) + O + PP (main verb) + by + A
Diane has had/has got her breakfast eaten by her dog. S + CV (have/get) + O + PP (main verb) + by + A
Subject + Verb + Object
Subject + Verb + Object
Subject + Verb + Object
She has been having/has been getting her money stolen by Marcus. S + CV (have/get) + O + PP (main verb) + by + A
Subject + Verb + Object
Martha had/got her photo taken by someone. S + CV (have/get) + O + PP (main verb) + by + A
Subject + Verb + Object
Kevin has had/has got the TV broken by his toddler. S + CV (have/get) + O + PP (main verb) + by + A
Subject + Verb + Object
Causatives
Have/Get +
PP +
by +
S +
O+
*Have/get must be in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence (wash)*Note that the subject doesn't change
John has/gets his car repaired by the mechanic. S + CV (have/get) + O + PP (main verb) + by + A
Subject + Verb + Object
Subject + Verb + Object + Complement
Subject + Verb + Object
Subject + Verb + Object
Joey had had/had got the design made by professionals. S + CV (have/get) + O + PP (main verb) + by + A
Sophia will have/will get her trip planned by a travel agent. S + CV (have/get) + O + PP (main verb) + by + A
Subject + Verb + Object
Causatives
Have/Get +
PP +
by +
S +
O+
*Have/get must be in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence (eat)*Note that the subject doesn't change
Claire has not been having/has not been getting her homework done by anyone. S + CV (have/get) + O + PP (main verb) + by + A
Mark had/got his house built by the workers. S + CV (have/get) + O + PP (main verb) + by + A
Subject + Verb + Object
Causatives
Have/Get +
PP +
by +
S +
O+
*Have/get must be in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence (steal)*Note that the subject changes
Causatives
Have/Get +
PP +
by +
S +
O+
*Have/get must be in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence (break)*Note that the subject doesn't change
Subject + Verb + Object
Subject + Verb + Object
Causatives
Have/Get +
PP +
by +
S +
O+
*Have/get must be in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence (do)*Note that the subject doesn't change
Causatives
Have/Get +
PP +
by +
S +
O+
*Have/get must be in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence (clean)*Note that the subject doesn't change
Causatives
Have/Get +
PP +
by +
S +
O+
*Have/get must be in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence (make)*Note that the subject doesn't change
Subject + Verb + Object
Grace has/gets her hair cut by the hairdresser. S + CV (have/get) + O + PP (main verb) + by + A
Causatives
Have/Get +
PP +
by +
S +
O+
*Have/get must be in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence (repair)*Note that the subject doesn't change
Subject + Verb + Object
Anthony is going to have/is going to get his dinner cooked by his father tomorrow. S + CV (have/get) + O + PP (main verb) + by + A + Comp.