College presentation

The Behaviourist Approach vs Social Learning Theory

AARYAN TIA & CHIAMAKA

The Behavourist approach

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The behaviourist approach is the approach that suggests that all behaviour is acquired and maintained through classical and operant conditioning. Can be measured and observed (Skinners box) A lot of the studies in behaviourism approach are carried out using animals, this is because the basic laws governing learning are the same in both humans and animals.

what is the behaviourist approach

Operant Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Definition: A type of learning where behaviour is acquired and maintained based on its consequences. positive reinforcement – occurs when we carry out a behaviour to receive an award. Negative reinforcement – carry out a behaviour to avoid negative consequences. Positive punishment – when a behaviour is no longer repeated due to being given a punishment. Negative reinforcement – something is taken away to prevent any repetition of behaviour.

Classical & operant conditioning

Definition: is the type of learning that occurs through associations made between the unconditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus. Aspects to be considered: Extinction – the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned response spontaneous recovery – when an individual carries out the conditioned response sometime after extinction occurs. similar generalisation – when small differences in the conditioned stimulus continues to produce the same conditioned response.

Limitations

Strengths

Evaluation

Environmental determinism – leaves no room for free will or conscious choicesEthical issues – classical conditioning can be harmful to the animals

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Scientific rigour – attempts to collect reliable data objectively and subjectivelyReal-life applications - increased understanding of both operant and classical conditioning has led to the development of different treatments and therapies.

Lets watch this short video

A young woman says: "When I was 5 years old, I was at a party and a balloon burst with a there are barons. They eat mall these years, I cannot bear to go into a room where Use your knowledge of classical conditioning to explain why the young woman is terrified of balloons.(Total 3 marks)

Questions

02

Social learning theory

The social learning theory, developed by Albert Bandura, is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the importance of observational learning, imitation, and modeling in the process of human development. This theory suggests that individuals learn not only through direct experiences but also by observing others and imitating their behaviors.

What is social learning theory

Findings: The children who had observed the aggressive model were more likely to imitate the aggressive behavior toward the Bobo doll compared to children who had not witnessed the aggressive model.Bandura also found that the children incorporated novel aggressive behaviors they had not seen in the video, demonstrating the role of imitation and creativity in observational learning. This experiment provided empirical support for the idea that individuals can learn new behaviors by observing and imitating others.Conclusion: Bandura concluded that social learning occurs through a process of observation, imitation, and modeling. The study highlighted the importance of role models and the impact of observational learning on behavior.

Albert Bandura, a Canadian psychologist, conducted several influential studies that contributed to the development of social learning theory. One of his most famous experiments is the Bobo doll experiment, conducted in the early 1960s. This experiment demonstrated the role of observational learning and modeling in the acquisition of aggressive behavior.Procedure: Bandura and his colleagues exposed children to a video in which an adult model behaved aggressively toward a Bobo doll. The model punched, kicked, and verbally abused the doll. After viewing the video, the children were placed in a room with a variety of toys, including a Bobo doll. The researchers observed the children's behavior to see if they would imitate the aggressive actions they had witnessed in the video.

Albert bandura

In addition to the Bobo doll experiment, Bandura conducted other research to explore various aspects of social learning theory, including the role of reinforcement and punishment in observational learning, the importance of cognitive factors in learning, and the concept of self-regulation. Bandura's work laid the foundation for understanding how social, cognitive, and environmental factors interact to shape human behavior, and it significantly influenced the fields of psychology, education, and social science.

Albert bandura

modelling

Observational Learning: Individuals acquire new behaviors and knowledge by observing the actions and experiences of others. This process involves paying attention to the model's behavior, retaining the observed information in memory, reproducing the behavior when the situation arises, and being motivated to imitate the behavior.

Observational learning

Modeling: Role models or significant others play a crucial role in shaping behavior. These models can be people in the immediate environment (such as parents, peers, or teachers) or those portrayed in the media. The more a person identifies with a model and perceives the model as credible and competent, the more likely they are to imitate the modeled behavior.

Identification refers to a process through which an individual assimilates the characteristics, values, and attitudes of another person or group. It involves a psychological connection and alignment with certain attributes of another individual or a group that is perceived as significant or influential.

identification

Identification can take various forms and occur in different contexts. One common aspect of identification is observed in social learning theory, where individuals align themselves with a particular social group and derive a sense of self-concept and self-esteem from their membership in that group. This can include identification with a cultural, religious, ethnic, or national group.

Reinforcement and Punishment: Social learning theory incorporates the principles of reinforcement and punishment. Individuals are more likely to repeat behaviors that are rewarded or reinforced, while behaviors that are punished or not reinforced are less likely to be repeated. This aspect of the theory is consistent with operant conditioning principles.

reinforcement & punishment

Retention: After paying attention to the model, individuals need to retain the observed information in their memory. This involves encoding the details of the observed behavior and storing the information for later retrieval. The ability to retain information is influenced by cognitive factors such as memory capabilities and the use of cognitive strategies to organize and store information.Reproduction: Once the observed behavior is retained in memory, individuals must be able to reproduce or enact the behavior. This involves translating the stored information into actual actions. Factors influencing reproduction include the observer's physical capabilities, skill level, and the perceived difficulty of the behavior.

Mediational processes play a crucial role in Albert Bandura's social learning theory. These processes represent the cognitive mechanisms through which individuals acquire new behaviors by observing and imitating others. The key mediational processes in social learning theory include attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.Attention: Before learning can occur, individuals must pay attention to the model and the behavior being demonstrated. Factors that influence attention include the model's characteristics (e.g., attractiveness, competence), the observer's characteristics (e.g., cognitive capabilities, interests), and the characteristics of the observed behavior (e.g., complexity, relevance).

The role of mediational processes

In summary, the mediational processes in social learning theory emphasize the cognitive aspects of learning. These processes help explain how individuals transform observed behaviors into learned behaviors, highlighting the importance of cognitive factors in the acquisition and reproduction of behaviors through observational learning.

Motivation: The likelihood of imitating a behavior is influenced by motivation. Individuals are more likely to reproduce a behavior if they expect to be rewarded for doing so or if the behavior fulfills a need or desire. Conversely, if the observer anticipates negative consequences or lacks motivation, they may choose not to imitate the behavior.These mediational processes operate in a cyclical manner, with each process influencing the others. The individual's cognitive processes, including attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation, interact with environmental factors and the observed behavior. Bandura referred to this cyclical relationship as reciprocal determinism, highlighting the dynamic and bidirectional nature of the interactions between individuals and their environment.

The role of mediational processes

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Questions

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Mr Benson is a primary school teacher. He has noticed that some of the children in his class push to the front of the queue when it is time to leave the classroom.Suggest how Mr Benson might use vicarious reinforcement to alter the behaviour of these children. Explain your answer with reference to social learning theory.(Total 3 marks)

Questions

the comparison

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Behaviourist approach focus on how the environment impacts a "child's" development through observable events between stimulus and responses e.g. Pavlov any response of dog when the ball is presented, but it does not consider any mental processes occurring in the dog, whereas social learning theory emphasises observational learning and imitations. In this approach, they pay attention to internal mental processes involved in learning, such as meditational processes e.g. attention, remember, replicate, motivation. They’re mechanistic theories which focuses on explaining different child behaviour as well as showing the influence reinforcement and the environment have towards learning.

Comparison of SLT and Behavioural Approach

behaviourist approach

SLT recognises that the learner plays an active role in their learning as they choose whether they should learn a specific response to different situations SLT believe behaviour can be fixed (unlearnt) through regular reinforcements e.g. praise and encouragement, (Bandura called these fixed behaviours - internalised *Bobo Doll*). SLT believe that reinforcement is an indirect process e.g. vicarious reinforcement (learner is motivated by a role model - reinforce themselves. Evidence for SLT is usually carried out in a laboratory experiment, e.g. the bobo doll where the environment/variables were controlled.

Social learning theory

MWhereas in the behavioural approach they believe that the learner response passively (unconsciously) to their environment. In behaviourism they believe that behaviour is constantly change in response to new reinforcements (unconditioned response). This is less direct when it comes to behaviourism in terms with cognitive factors, in which reinforcement isn't the same for every individual. In the behavioural approach participants are most like human and it is the findings are obtained using natural observations, but some of the findings were found using animals e.g. The Skinner Box.

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