U.S. History Review: Unit 5

UNIT REVIEw

Imperialism and Empire

Resources

Dollar Diplomacy and Moral Diplomacy

U.S. Imperialism in Latin America

The Open Door Policy in China

Anti-Imperialism Reaction

The U.S. in Puerto Rico and Cuba

The Spanish-American War

The U.S. Aquires Territory

Motives for Imperialism

Index

Motives for Imperialism

Section 01

During this time, the United States expanded to the Pacific Ocean—"from sea to shining sea"—largely defining the borders of the contiguous United States, the region of the 48 adjoining states that touch one another as they are today

Manifest Destiny was a prominent belief in the 1800s that American settlers were entitled to conquer and control North America

By the late 1800s, the U.S. practiced imperialism, which is a policy in which a stronger nation extends its economic, political, military, and social control over a weaker territory. American motivations for imperialism included:

The desire for natural resources and new markets to sell goods

The belief in the superiority of U.S. values and principles

Competition with European nations for international influence and prestige

Motives for Imperialism

The U.S. Acquires Territory

Section 02

Their motivation for the acquisition of Hawaii and Alaska was to support U.S. merchants and gain access to Asian markets

The United States wanted to acquire territory in the Pacific and establish U.S.-controlled ports. They did so with the 1867 purchase of Alaska from the Russian Empire and the takeover of the Hawaiian Islands

Click each image to review how the U.S. acquired the Kingdom of Hawaii

The U.S. Acquires Territory

The Spanish-American War

Section 03

Yellow journalism contributed to the start of the Spanish-American war because it sensationalized news reports about the U.S.S. Maine explosion to drum up public support for the war and newspaper sales

Some writers and publications at this time were known for their practice of yellow journalism, the writing of sensationalized, inaccurately reported articles designed to sell newspapers

The Spanish-American War

• Theodore Roosevelt was one of the million volunteers of the Spanish-American War
• He resigned his post as Assistant Secretary of the Navy and organized an all-volunteer cavalry unit, the Rough Riders
• African American soldiers fought side-by-side with Roosevelt's Rough Riders, providing support to some of the most important battles of the war

The Spanish-American War

• Representatives of the U.S. and Spain met in Paris to agree to a treaty officially ending the war. The peace terms went beyond just giving Cuba its independence. The United States demanded that Spain:
• grant independence to Cuba
• give Puerto Rico and Guam, an island in the Pacific Ocean between Hawaii and the Philippines, to the United States
• sell the Philippines to the United States in exchange for $20 million
• The Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898, only eight months after war was declared.

Watch the video below to review the events of the Spanish-American War

The Spanish-American War

The U.S. in Puerto Rico and Cuba

Section 04

Cuba became a U.S. protectorate, a country whose affairs were partially under the control of another country that is stronger

Initially, the U.S. promised that Cuba would be an independent country after the Spanish-American War. However, in 1901, the United States insisted that Cuba add the Platt Amendment to its constitution, which gave the U.S. oversight in the affairs of the Cuban government

The U.S. in Puerto Rico and Cuba

• The qualities of Puerto Rico that made it an appealing territory for the U.S. was its geographic location near Panama and its use as a naval base

• In 1952, Puerto Rico was named a commonwealth of the U.S. This act effectively changed Puerto Rico's status as a colony or possession of the United States to a self-governing territory:
• Puerto Ricans are American citizens
• Puerto Ricans serve in the U.S. military and must obey the draft when implemented
• Puerto Rico makes its own laws and elects its own governor and legislature

Anti-Imperialism Reaction

Section 05

One year after the war, on July 4, 1946, the Philippines became an independent nation after decades of negotiations between the two nations and the interruption of World War II

Like the Cubans, Filipinos had waged a long war against their Spanish colonizers. The United States could have given them the independence they had long fought for, but, instead, the United States occupied the islands from 1899 to 1902. The Filpino people resisted the occupation in what is known as the Philippine-American War

The reasons some Americans opposed U.S. imperialism varied

Anti-Imperialism Reaction

Some were worried about the potential loss of job opportunities for Americans

Some held the racist and xenophobic viewpoint that the assimilation of other races and cultures would hurt the country

Some felt that empire-building went against the principles of democracy and freedom

The Open Door Policy in China

Section 06

The Open Door Policy essentially states that China should be open to trade to all countries

In the interest of promoting U.S. trade with Asia, Secretary of State John Hay wrote and sent a series of Open Door Notes to European nations that had carved out spheres of influence in China, regions in which they controlled resources and trade in the country.

The Open Door Policy in China

• In the same year, 1900, a group of resisters to European influence in China, known as the Boxers, attacked foreign missionaries and others
• European nations sent the military to combat and ultimately put down the Boxer Rebellion
• As a result, China's government was greatly weakened, and European nations continued to influence Chinese affairs

U.S. Imperialism in Latin America

Section 07

The U.S. gained influence in Panama by providing military support for Panama's independence from Colombia. This allowed the U.S. to acquire the rights to build the Panama Canal

President Theodore Roosevelt extended U.S. imperialism to build the Panama Canal. He sought to build a canal primarily for military reasons, but also for international trade.

U.S. Imperialism in Latin America

Gunboat diplomacy: President Roosevelt's foreign policy in which the U.S. used the threat of military action to achieve its imperialist goals in a region

Monroe Doctrine: President James Monroe's foreign policy (1823). Stated the U.S. would view any European intervention in the Western Hemisphere as a potentially hostile act against the U.S.

Roosevelt Corollary: extension to the Monroe Doctrine. Stated the U.S. would use military force if needed to stop European countries from interfering with Central and South American countries

U.S. Imperialism in Latin America

• The U.S. continued to monitor events in Asia to protect and advance U.S. trade in the region. When the balance of power in Asia was threatened by the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt negotiated a settlement to restore stability in the region, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize
• Roosevelt negotiated a peace treaty between Russia and Japan to maintain the balance of power in Asia to protect U.S. economic interests

Dollar Diplomacy and Moral Diplomacy

Section 08

Click the next page to review more information on Taft and Wilson's foreign policies

President Taft used the power of the United States economy as a driver of their foreign policies. President Wilson also used economic pressure to guide his foreign policy but also tied a moral feature to his policy, that only nations who shared U.S. moral and political ideals would benefit from U.S. support

Click on each section to learn more about Taft and Wilson's foreign policies

Taft chose to "substitute dollars for bullets" as the basis of his foreign policy, or dollar diplomacyHe used the threat of American economic power to force countries into agreements to benefit the United StatesTaft believed that investing money in Caribbean countries would result in a more stable economy for the region and benefit U.S. businesses and the U.S. economy

William Howard Taft

Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy was based on moral diplomacy, the idea that the U.S. would support countries that had the same moral and political beliefs as the United States. Wilson believed the U.S. system of government, based on democratic principles, was superior to other forms of government. He sought to use the economic power of the U.S. to compel foreign governments, especially in Latin America, to adopt democratic governments

Woodrow Wilson

Dollar Diplomacy and Moral Diplomacy

Resources

1. Study Guide
2. Quizlet Flashcards
3. Quizizz Review Game (complete the game for two bonus points toward the test!)

Queen Lili'uokalani was imprisoned by the government of the new Republic of Hawaii for treason, but later was pardoned. The US. established Hawaii as a U.S. territory with the 1900 Organic Act. It granted the non-white native people of Hawaii U.S. citizenship and rights to participate in the territory’s government. The U.S. now had exclusive rights to develop Pearl Harbor as a naval base. The U.S. President would appoint a territorial governor who would oversee the government of the islands. In 1959, Hawaii was formally admitted as the 50th U.S. state.

Annexation

Bayonet Constitution

King Kalākaua and the U.S. signed the Treaty of Reciprocity of 1875, in which the U.S. agreed to lift the tariffs on Hawaiian sugar in exchange for a seven-year lease for Pearl Harbor.In 1887, White business leaders and planters used a private army to force King Kalākaua to sign the Bayonet Constitution, which gave these American business leaders almost complete control over the Hawaiian government. These Americans wanted to make sure the government of Hawaii would not interfere with their businesses.

Coup d'état

After King Kalākaua's death in 1891, his sister, Lili'uokalani (pictured to the right), became queen. In 1893 she proposed a new constitution that would return much of the power of government to the monarchy. The American planters in Hawaii, fearing their loss of control over the government, pressured the United States to take over, or annex, Hawaii. Impatient for the U.S. to act, many American planters formed a so-called Committee of Safety. They seized control of the government and used U.S. Marine to overthrow Queen Lili'uokalani's government in a coup d'état.