THE REBIRTH OF THE CITIES

UNIT - 7

THE REBIRTH OF THE CITIES

READING PLAN

Index:

ECONOMY IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES

CHANGES IN LOW MEDIEVAL SOCIETY

POLITICAL CHANGES

THE CRISIS OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGES

CULTURE IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES

GOTHIC ART

ECONOMY IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES

1. ECONOMY IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: AGRARIAN EXPANSION

EW AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY

EUROPE'S POPULATION DOUBLED

1. ECONOMY IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: AGRARIAN EXPANSION

CONQUERED LANDS WERE REPOPULATED

NEW LANDS WAS PLOUGHED

1. ECONOMICS IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: CRAFTS

HIGHLIGHTED THE TEXTILE CRAFTS AND THE ACTIVITIES OF MASONS AND STONEMASONS

1. ECONOMICS IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: CRAFTS

GUILDS WERE GROUPS OF CRAFTSMEN OF THE SAME TRADE

THEY CONTROLLED ALL ACTIVITIES: PRODUCTION STANDARDS, QUALITY, PRICES, WORKERS...

-APPRENTICE-JOURNEYMAN -MASTER

1. ECONOMICS IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: REVITALIZATION OF TRADE

SAFETY ON THE ROADS

USE OF COINS

EXCHANGES WERE FAVORED BY

INCREASED LENDING

APPEARANCE OF BILLS OF EXCHANGE

1. ECONOMICS IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: REVITALIZATION OF TRADE

THE MARKETS

THE LEAGUES

THE FAIRS

Changes in Late Medieval Society

2.CHANGES IN LATE MEDIEVAL SOCIETY

MOST OF THE POPULATION REMAINED RURAL

THE TERM BOURGEOIS APPEARRED

2.CHANGES IN LATE MEDIEVAL SOCIETY

HIGH NOBILITY

URBAN PATRICATE

HIGH BOURGEOISIE

HIGH CLERGY

URBAN CLERGY

CITY DWELLERS

LOW CLERGY

LOWER BOURGEOISIE

LOWER NOBILITY

OTHER GROUPS

JEWS

OTHER INHABITANTS

2.CHANGES IN LATE MEDIEVAL SOCIETY

WOMEN IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES

political changes

3.POLITICAL CHANGES: THE IMPORTANCE OF CITIES

CITIES WERE THE MONARCHY'S MAIN ALLY AGAINST THE NOBILITY

THE KINGS GREATLY BENEFITED FROM BOURGEOIS TRADE. THE BOURGEOISIE GAINED THE SECURITY NEEDED FOR THEIR ACTIVITIES

3.POLITICAL CHANGES: THE IMPORTANCE OF CITIES

THE MONARCHS GRANTED CHARTERS TO THE CITIES, GIVING CITIZENS MORE FREEDOM AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS MORE AUTONOMY

3.POLITICAL CHANGES: THE IMPORTANCE OF CITIES

THE COUNCILS GOVERNED THE CITY WITH THE HELP OF MAGISTRATES, AND THEIR REPRESENTATIVES COULD GO TO THE COURTS

THROUGH THE TAXES PAID BY CITIES, KINGS STRENGTHENED THEIR MILITARY AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL

3. POLITICAL CHANGES: THE MEDIEVAL COURTS

THE COURTS WERE ASSEMBLIES CONVENED BY THE KING TO ADVISE AND VOTE ON NEW TAXES

THE COURTS CONSTITUTED A COUNTERPOWER THAT LIMITED THE POWER OF THE KING SO ONLY CONVENED THEM WHEN IT WAS ESSENTIAL

3. POLITICAL CHANGES: CHURCH AND POLITICAL POWER

THE WESTERN SCHISM OF 1378 MOVED THE PAPAL HEADQUARTERS FROM ROME TO AVIGNON

TWO POPES WERE APPOINTED: THE POPE OF AVIGNON AND THE POPE OF ROME

IN 1417 A SINGLE POPE WAS APPOINTED BY CONSENSUS

The Crisis in the Late Middle Ages

4.THE CRISIS OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGES

DURING THE 14TH AND EARLY 15TH CENTURIES, EUROPE EXPERIENCED A SEVERE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, AND SOCIAL CRISIS CAUSED BY:

AGRICULTURAL CRISIS

4.THE CRISIS OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGES

DURING THE 14TH AND EARLY 15TH CENTURIES, EUROPE EXPERIENCED A SEVERE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, AND SOCIAL CRISIS CAUSED BY:

EPIDEMICS

+ info

4.THE CRISIS OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGES

DURING THE 14TH AND EARLY 15TH CENTURIES, EUROPE EXPERIENCED A SEVERE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, AND SOCIAL CRISIS CAUSED BY:

WARS

4.THE CRISIS OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGES

DURING THE 14TH AND EARLY 15TH CENTURIES, EUROPE EXPERIENCED A SEVERE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, AND SOCIAL CRISIS CAUSED BY:

TAX INCREASES

4.THE CRISIS OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: THE 100 YEARS WAR

THE WAR BEGAN IN 1337 BECAUSE THE KING OF ENGLAND OWNED LANDS IN FRANCE AND ASPIRED TO BE NAMED MONARCH

THE ENGLISH HAD THE SUPPORT OF THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY

4.THE CRISIS OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: THE 100 YEARS WAR

THE SITUATION CHANGED WHEN JOAN OF ARC TOOK COMMAND OF THE FRENCH ARMY

IN 1453, THE FRENCH KING MANAGED TO DEFINITIVELY EXPEL THE ENGLISH AND END THE WAR

4.THE CRISIS OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRISIS

DEPOPULATION

INCREASE IN SOCIAL CONFLICTS

CONSEQUENCES

PEASANT REVOLTS

URBAN REVOLT

RELIGIOUS PERSECUTIONS

Culture in the Late Middle Ages

5.CULTURE IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: BIRTH OF UNIVERSITIES

THE BOURGEOISIE EMERGED FROM THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY ONWARDS

BOLOGNA, PARIS, OXFORD, SALAMANCA, COIMBRA STAND OUT

CLASSICAL KNOWLEDGE AND ART, MEDICINE, LAW, THEOLOGY

5.CULTURE IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: BIRTH OF UNIVERSITIES

SCHOLASTIC METHOD

EXPERIMENTATION WAS NOT VALUED; INSTEAD, THE IDEAS OF THE GREAT THINKERS OF ANTIQUITY WERE CONSIDERED ABSOLUTE TRUTHS

5.CULTURE IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: BIRTH OF THE PRINTING PRESS

DEMAND FOR BOOKS SKYROCKETED DUE TO THE INCREASE IN PEOPLE LEARNING TO READ

MANUSCRIPT COPIES FROM MONASTERIES WERE NO LONGER ENOUGH

JOHANNES GUTENBERG DEVELOPED THE ENGRAVING MACHINE KNOWN AS THE PRINTING PRESS THAT ALLOWED MULTIPLE COPIES TO BE MADE AT MUCH LOWER COST

5.CULTURE IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: CONSOLIDATION OF ROMANCE LANGUAGES

FROM THE 13TH CENTURY VERNACULAR LANGUAGES BEGAN TO DISPLACE LATIN IN WRITTEN PRODUCTION

THE NOVELS OF CAVALRY OR WORKS LIKE THE "DECAMERON" BY BOCCACCIO OR "THE DIVINE COMEDY" BY DANTE HIGHLIGHT

Gothic art

6.GOTHIC ART: ARCHITECTURE

GOTHIC WAS BORN IN FRANCE AND SPREAD ACROSS EUROPE BETWEEN THE 13TH AND 15TH CENTURIES

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IS DEFINED BY ITS HEIGHT AND ABUNDANT LIGHT

6.GOTHIC ART: ARCHITECTURE

POINTED ARCH AND CROSS Vault

BUTTRESSES AND FLYING BUTTRESSES

NEW CONSTRUCTION FORMS

PINNACLE

SPIRE

STAINED WINDOWS WITH ROSETTES

6.GOTHIC ART: ARCHITECTURE

CATHEDRALS

RELIGIOUS

BUILDINGS

PALACES

CIVILIANS

CITY COUNCIL

EXCHANGES

6.GOTHIC ART: ARCHITECTURE

THE MOST IMPORTANT RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS WERE THE CATHEDRALS WHICH BECAME A SYMBOL OF POWER

ALL CITIES COMPETED TO BUILD THE LARGEST AND MOST BEAUTIFUL CATHEDRAL

6.GOTHIC ART: GOTHIC PAINTING

THE THEME IS RELIGIOUS, WITH A DIDACTIC AND NARRATIVE PURPOSE

IT BECAME MORE NATURALISTIC

6.GOTHIC ART: GOTHIC PAINTING

PAINTING MOVED AWAY FROM CHURCH WALLS AND WAS TRANSFERRED TO WOODEN PANELS, ESPECIALLY ALTARPIECES

+ info

IN ADDITION TO RELIGIOUS THEMES, PORTRAITS, LANDSCAPES AND OBJECTS OF EVERYDAY LIFE WERE ALSO PAINTED

+ info

6.GOTHIC ART: GOTHIC PAINTING

THE TEMPERa TECHNIQUE WAS THE MOST COMMONLY USED

AT THE END OF THE 15TH CENTURY, THE OIL PAINTING TECHNIQUE APPEARED IN FLANDERS

6.GOTHIC ART: SCULPTURE

SCULPTURE LOST THE RIGIDITY OF THE ROMANESQUE

IT GIVES THE FEELING THAT THE FIGURES ARE LOOKING AT EACH OTHER AND CONVERSING

LITTLE BY LITTLE SCULPTURE BECAME INDEPENDENT FROM ARCHITECTURE TO APPEAR IN HIGH RELIEF AND FREE FIGURES

THANK YOU SO MUCH!

THE END