Evolution of cinema

Santiago Álvarez Díaz Mercado

The evolution of cinema

START

EVOLUTION OF CINEMA

INDEX

Intro

The Moving Image

The Silent Era

The Talkies

Screens and Cinema Viewing Experience

What does it offer?

Streaming Services

Popcorn Stats

Top Movies of the Decade

Thank you!

LET´S BEGIN...

• Cinema has come a long way since it first originated in the 1800s. The last 200+ years have been marked with creative experimentation and technological advancement. Every new film movement and filmmaking technique helped pave the way for the next innovation, creating the art form we now know and love.

The Moving Image

Telling stories with shadows puppets have always been around but it’s the magic lantern shows that started in the 1600s that were crucial to the birth of cinema.

From the 1830s onwards, more and more people were finding ways to make still images appear to be moving. They all used the scientific concept of “persistence of vision“. This just means that the eye takes a certain amount of time to see, so if images flash in front of our eyes before they have the chance to properly see them, it appears as though they are in motion.

+ The thaumatrope

+ The phenakishoscope

+ THE ZOETROPE

+ Eadweard Muybridge & Etienne-Jules Marey

+ the praxinoscope

The Silent Era

The Silent Era marks the birth of cinema when marquee cinema was all about experimentation and pushing boundaries. All of the new discoveries of this era helped shape the eras that followed and the filmmakers and films that came after them. Named for its lack of sound, films from this era were in black and white and some of them were filmed on as little as a single reel of tape (averaging from a few minutes to just over an hour). This period began with the invention of the Cinématographe in 1895 by the Lumière Brothers. This device recorded film stock and projected the footage on screen.

Versus

CLASSIC HOLLYWOOD CINEMA

the far west

VS

The Great Transition

By the late 1920s, the silent film industry reached its peak. Films like The Three Musketeers, The Covered Wagon, Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ were some of the major box-office hits that the studios made during the Golden Age of Silent Films. However, these successes wouldn’t last for long. Something else was coming. One of the greatest development in cinema was the introduction of sound on film. This meant that not only would audiences be able to see a story unfold on the big screen, they’d be able to hear it too. The studios were at the top of their game, by the time sound stepped onto the scene. It was a new element, and the major studios began to trip up, thanks to the new addition. Not only were they slow on the uptake, they were furious about it, even to the point of not using it altogether. The only exception to this was Warner Bros.

The Talkies

Everything changed once the first Vitaphone film with sound released in 1927 (The Jazz Singer). Filmmakers had to adapt to the new technology and actors had to adapt as well. Some actors had to quit because their voices did not match well with their image and the audience didn’t like them anymore. Others couldn’t find work because their acting was too over-the-top and theatrical (as it needs to be in silent films, but not in sound films). It was a major success, one that saw sound as an important tool in film production. The Jazz Singer not only opened new doors for film studios, it paved the way to the second wave of the Golden Age, but that wouldn’t be until the middle of the 1940s.

+ German cinema 1920's

+ French cinema 1930´s

+ technicolor

+ Film noir 40´s - 50´s

+ french "new wave" 50´s - 60´s

+ italian neorealism

Screens and Cinema Viewing Experience

Various methods developed from the 1950s to the 1970s in order to enhance the cinema viewing experience. Cinerama arrived in 1952, followed by Cinemascope in 1953 and Omnimax in 1970. First movie theatre in the world: - The Eden Theatre in La Ciotat, France.

What does the cinema establishment offer?

Is a business that contains auditoria for viewing films (also called movies) for public entertainment. Most are commercial operations catering to the general public, who attend by purchasing tickets. The film is projected with a movie projector onto a large projection screen at the front of the auditorium while the dialogue, sounds and music are played through a number of wall-mounted speakers.

Consists of a single auditorium with rows of comfortable padded seats, as well as a foyer area containing a box office for buying tickets. Movie theaters also often have a concession stand for buying snacks and drinks within the theater's lobby.

How do we watch movies nowadays?

Streaming Services?

An online provider of entertainment (music, movies, etc.) that delivers the content via an Internet connection to the subscriber's computer, TV or mobile device. Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Hulu, Spotify and Apple Music are high-profile examples

Popcorn

What is popcorn? Is a variety of corn kernel which expands and puffs up when heated.

What popcorn flavour do the people prefer?

Top Movies of the Decade (According the viewers judgement)

2010

Inception Toy Story 3

2014

Interstellar Whiplash

2017

Coco Logan

2019

Avengers: Endgame Joker

2021

Spider-man: No way homeZack Snyder´s Justice League

2023 At the moment...

Barbie (Top-grossing) Oppenheimer

¡tHANK YOU!

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Post WWII, filmmakers in the US began to base films on darker themes. The films released in this time dealt with crime, corruption, greed and cruelty. Film noir translates to “dark film” and it inspired by both the French New Wave and German Expressionist cinema movements. The Great Depression made times for working Americans very difficult. The noir story arch and underlying themes aligned with the burden felt by most Americans. Hollywood’s film noir cinema is mostly about a crime and drama story arc, a detective/private eye and a femme fatale character. However, the definition of film noir isn’t based on their context. Other studios use noir techniques in more established genres such as parodies, comedies, and horrors. Yet, the underlying similarities between these genres using noir techniques are their themes and directors’ approach in cinematography.

First noir films: - Laura, Otto Preminger, 1944. - The lady from Shangai, Orson Welles, 1947. - The third man, Carol Reed, 1949. - Sunset Boulevard, Bill Wilder, 1950.

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As the years rolled by, Americans wanted more filmed stories, and soon it became difficult to create films individually. So, the best decision, for those independent producers, was to merge with one another. From IMP, Bison, Powers, Nestor and a whole host of other companies, the Universal Film Company was born. It was with this merger that the move to Hollywood began. With the opening of Universal City, the Hollywood Hills would soon become the hub of film production activity. Not only did Universal City take over the hills, but soon other conglomerates began to spring up in the desert. Studios like 20th Century Fox, Paramount and MGM followed in Universal’s footsteps. With demand so high, and the almost impossible nature of shooting films individually, these major studios began to mass-produce films, assigning producers and directors to each film, without thought for the details.

As the years rolled by, Americans wanted more filmed stories, and soon it became difficult to create films individually. So, the best decision, for those independent producers, was to merge with one another. From IMP, Bison, Powers, Nestor and a whole host of other companies, the Universal Film Company was born. It was with this merger that the move to Hollywood began. With the opening of Universal City, the Hollywood Hills would soon become the hub of film production activity. Not only did Universal City take over the hills, but soon other conglomerates began to spring up in the desert. Studios like 20th Century Fox, Paramount and MGM followed in Universal’s footsteps. With demand so high, and the almost impossible nature of shooting films individually, these major studios began to mass-produce films, assigning producers and directors to each film, without thought for the details.

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French cinema in these years reflected how ordinary people were dealing with the war. They employed Poetic Realism, meaning that they treated real subjects in an imaginative way. Poetic Realism is a subgenre of the realist drama genre. In the 1940s, under the direction of acclaimed French director Jean Renoir, a cinematic movement emerged that would become immensely popular in the country. Poetic realism is a literary and artistic movement that attempts to portray the human experience by capturing the essence of reality while also going beyond it to convey emotional depth and universal truths. The central goal of this movement is to show the world as it is while making it more beautiful. This article will discuss the history of poetic realism, notable filmmakers, and films.

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Up to now, films were either about everyday life or stories of supernatural places. German cinema did something brand new; they introduced German Expressionism. Filmmakers came up with original indoor film sets and they mastered lighting like no one else had. They realised that the way a scene is lit drastically affects how it makes people feel.

The horror genre probably wouldn’t have become a major player in the film industry if it weren’t for the influence of German Expressionism. In fact, one of horror’s most famous directors, Alfred Hitchcock, probably wouldn’t have made his most famous masterpieces, if it weren’t for the German Expressionist movement. Films like Psycho or I Confess were heavily influenced by German Expressionism and it is rather evident in the way the films are lighted. The high contrast and the eerie use of shadow figures all hark to the strange shapes and distorted sets of the old German Expressionist films. Not only did Expressionism inspire the classic horror films, but it also inspired other genres like film noir, and would go on to inspire thrillers and other fantasy related films. For example, in the modern day, Tim Burton’s gothic styled films are inspired by German Expressionism, since films like Batman Returns and Sleepy Hollow all have some elements of the distorted shapes that defined German Expressionist films.

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Italian Neorealism is a genre of Italian film that emerged in the 1940s. This type of filmmaking style captures stories from working-class life in Italy. The movement has its roots in post-war Italy, where many citizens were living in poverty after the war had ended. The films were characterized by their use of non-professional actors, location shooting, improvised dialogue, and lack of moral censorship.

• First Italian neorealism film:

- Ossessione, Luchino Visconti & Jean Renoir, 1943.

• Best Italian neorealism directors:

- Roberto Rossellini (1906 - 1977) - Vittorio de Sica (1901 - 1974) - Giuseppe de Santis (1917 - 1997) - Alberto Lattuada (1914 - 2005)

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With World War I afflicting Europe, it comes as no surprise that American cinema dominated the scene during the 1910s, up until the 1960s. At first, the movement began on the East Coast, but the formation of the MPPC (Motion Pictures Patents Company) made it difficult to survive, especially for the small, independent companies like IMP (Independent Motion Pictures, which would become part of Universal Pictures) and Famous Players (which would later become part of the MGM corporation). So, the further away they were from the MPPC, the more successful they were. That is until the demand for films became too great.

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New Wave cinema started in the ’50s and ’60s. It broke the conventional film rules (i.e a structured story, fixed dialogue, good editing,…), and often left the audience confused by its lack of structure. Filmmakers used hand-held cameras, a non-linear timeline, improvised acting and minimal editing, making it unlike anything out there at the time.

Top "New Wave" films: - Hiroshima mon amour, Alain Resnais, 1959 - Breathless, Jean-Luc Godard, 1960 - Les bonnes femmes, Claude Chabrol, 1960

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Photographer Eadweard Muybridge wanted to capture a horse in movement so he set up 24 cameras with some trip wire. In 1878, he produced a series of pictures that made it seem like the horse was in motion when viewed in a peep show machine. Shortly after Muybridge did it, Marey photographed a bird in movement using a single camera. The camera was in the form of a rifle and it took 12 pictures per second. In 1885, George Eastman created the first celluloid roll film, which allowed inventor Thomas Edison and assistant William Dickson to invent the first camera to record movement in 1891. The Kinetograph produced films that could only be seen by one person at a time through a peep show machine.

Technicolor was first introduced in 1932. Before then, colour was added to film by painting the photographs or using a stenciling system that cut out sections of the frame and tinted them. Both options were time-consuming and produced colour that did not look natural. Films shot in technicolor used a three-strip camera that captured the scene in cyan, magenta and yellow, then put these colours together. With Technicolor, red and yellow looked brilliant so nearly every film from the 30s onwards had a fire scene.

Some of the first technicolor films: - The Gulf Between (Failure) - Flowers and Trees, Walt Disney, Burt Gillet, 1932. (Oscar for best animation short film) - Becky Sharp, Rouben Mamoulian, 1935.