U2. The Caste System in the New Spain

1. Open the interactive image. 2. Look for the "caste system" classification in New Spain. 3. Understand the limitations imposed on the population due to this division..

Jobs and the Caste System

Peninsulares: These were individuals of Spanish descent who were born in Spain and held the highest social status in New Spain. They often occupied the highest positions in government, the church, and the military. Many held administrative roles and were involved in decision-making processes.Criollos: Criollos were people of Spanish descent born in the Americas. While they held a status lower than the Peninsulares, they still had access to education and could pursue various professions. Criollos were involved in trade, agriculture, and other economic activities. Some also held positions in local government. Mestizos: Mestizos were individuals of mixed European and indigenous ancestry. They often worked as skilled and unskilled laborers, artisans, and in agricultural roles. Some mestizos managed to climb the social ladder by acquiring wealth through trade or other means, allowing them to access certain privileges. Mulattos: Mulattos were individuals of mixed European and African ancestry. Many mulattos were enslaved or worked as laborers on plantations and in mines. Some managed to gain freedom and engage in skilled trades or even own small businesses, but opportunities were limited due to racial prejudices.

Indigenous Peoples: The indigenous population of New Spain faced significant discrimination and exploitation. Many were forced to work on encomiendas (land grants) under harsh conditions. They worked in agriculture, mining, and as servants for the upper castes. Some retained their traditional occupations such as artisans and farmers. Africans and Afro-Mexicans: Africans were brought to New Spain as slaves to work on plantations, in mines, and as domestic servants. Their labor was essential to the colonial economy. Over time, some Africans gained their freedom and became part of the free black population, engaging in various occupations such as skilled trades and services.