2.4 Al-Andalus timeline

756 - 929

711

1031 - 1248

1248 - 1492

718-756

929 - 1031

Military conquest

• In 711, an army of Berbers led by an Arab minority crossed the Strait of Gibraltar.
• They defeated the Visigoths in the Battle of Guadalete, and king Roderic died.
• The military advance was rapid because it found little resistance from the population.

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansi%C3%B3n_musulmana

Dependant emirate

• After the military conquest, Al-Andalus became a province or emirate that was dependant on the Unayyad Caliphate of Damascus.
• The capital was established in Córdoba.
• An emir was appointed to rule the emirate.

https://jaimegeografiaehistoria.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/723-copy.jpg?w=768

Independant emirate

• In 750, the caliphs in Damascus were ovethrown by the Abbasids of Bagdad.
• The Prince Abd al-Rahman -the last member of the Umayyad dinasty- fled to Al-Andalus.He declared himself an independent emir and founded the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba.

• Al-Andalus was politically independent but it remainded under the religious authority of the caliph of Baghdad.

Caliphate of Córdoba

• The emir Abd al-Rahman III proclaimed himself caliph and established the Caliphate of Córdoba.
• There was a period of great cultural and economic achievement. Córdoba, Its capital had a larger population than any other city in Europe. Medinta Alzahra, a palatial city was build.
• However, by the late 10th c., tensions between ethnic groups caused frequent civilian fights.Since 976 the Grand Vizier Al-Mansur held the real power.

https://cdn.britannica.com/92/121392-050-BC985DE0/Dome-mihrab-Mosque-Cathedral-of-Cordoba-Spain.jpg

Taifa kingdoms

• From 1008, the Caliphate began to break out. Al-Andalus was divided into more than 25 independet kingdoms, called taifas. To prevent Christian attacks, they paid a special tax, called parias.
• To stop Christian advance, new Muslim armies arrived from North Africa. In the 11th century, Almoravids arrived in the Peninsula.
• In the 12th century Almohads arrived in the Peninsula. Thay temporarily stopped the Christian advance, but they were unable to prevent the conquest.

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spainthenandnow.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F12%2FZaragoza-Aljaferia-Patio-2.jpg&tbnid=LGR7d7EIZqmBsM&vet=12ahUKEwiEgvGLjdKCAxW2XKQEHULTCqYQMygNegQIARBh..i&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spainthenandnow.com%2Fspanish-history%2F11th-c-al-andalus-taifa-kingdoms&docid=pnNULA7wZQmYpM&w=2816&h=2112&q=taifa%20kingdom&ved=2ahUKEwiEgvGLjdKCAxW2XKQEHULTCqYQMygNegQIARBh

Nasrid kingdom

• The only territory that survived the Christian advance of the 13th century was the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada.The kingdom was vast, and the city of Granada was one of the most important cultural and commercial centres in Europe.The prosperous economy allowed the sultans to pay high taxes in gold to Castile to avoid attack.This made their survival possible until 1492 when Boabdil, the last ruler of Granada, surrendered to the Catholic Monarchs.

https://www.medievalware.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/nasrid-alhambra-courtyard.jpg