CO2 Retention

What produces CO2 Retention in Breathing using Long Snorkel

Done by: Hafsah Alsouli Nu200080

Learning Objectives

Define the snorkel, its contents, and the limit of length tube.

Identify using snorkel consequences and how it causes CO2 retention.

How Snorkels Work

Contents of classic snorkel

What produces CO2 Retention in Breathing using Long Snorkel

Defenetion

What is the snorkel?

An equipment that allows divers and swimmers to keep their face down in the water while breathing

What produces CO2 Retention in Breathing using Long Snorkel

Defenetion

Not effectively getting rid of the excess carbon dioxide, leading to an accumulation of CO2 specifically in the lungs and then in the bloodstream.

What is CO2 retention?

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

shallow breathing

Increase in Dead space

Increase in airway Resistance

Causes

CO2 retention

Increasing Dead space

How the snorkel cause CO2 retention?

Adds an additional dead space of 160-170 ml Subsequently increase in the concentration of CO2 in the inspired gas due to expired air trapped in the snorkel which is then re-inspired.

Increasing Dead space

PhysiologicallyAnatomical space and Alveolar regions which are ventilated but have no gas exchange occurring

Anatomicallythe part that doesn’t participate in gas exchange (Airways)

What is dead space

THE SNORKEL DECREASES THE ALVEOLAR VENTILATION

we can calculate the alveolar ventilation by the equation: VA = (VT - VD ) × respiration rate VT: tidal volume VD: volume of dead space

As VD increases, The value of VA decreases

Increased Air Resistance

A smaller diameter tube reduces the dead volume, but also increases resistance to airflow.

According to Poiseuille’s law as the length of increases, the resistance also increases Poiseuille’s law: R = 8Lη /πr4

Potential Health Implications

Hypercapnia

Prolonged snorkeling causes hypercapnia which decreases blood pH and causes acidosis

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Ashtma

Diseases Related to CO2 Retention

it's uncommon for healthy individuals to experience significant hypercapnia during snorkeling. There are other related disease that increase the risk of hypercapnia

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HyperCapnia

Hypoventilation

Reduced ventilation or breathing at a rate insufficient to meet the body's demand for gas exchange

Increase in the concentration of CO2 in the bloodstream

Note: It contributes to an increase in the concentration of CO2 in the bloodstream, leading to hypercapnia

Refrences

1) Toklu, A. S., Kayserilioğlu, A., Unal, M., Ozer, S., & Aktaş, S. (2003). Ventilatory and metabolic response to rebreathing the expired air in the snorkel. International journal of sports medicine, 24(3), 162–165. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12740732/ 2) Guyton; 14th Ed: 497-498, 511-513 3) Ward, M. F. (2020). Understanding CO2 & DIVING. https://divelab.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Understanding-CO2-Diving.pdf

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