EDU 522- Learning Theories Part 1

Learning Theories Part 1

EDU 522-Curriculum Design Theories Dr. Stephany Anderson November 15, 2023

By Mary A. Minaudo

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Learning Theories are the foundation in designing instruction to achieve a desired learning outcome (Oyarzun & Conklin, 2021). They provided various lenses to see the problem from different perspectives (Oyarzun & Conklin, 2021).

Learning Theories

Table of Content

References

Constructivism

Behaviorism

Cognitivism

Behaviorism

Charateristics

Role of Memory

Observable measurable behavior Over time behavior changes given the response to or removal of the stimuli (Oyarzun & Conklin, 2021). Eventual removal of the stimuli until it occurs naturally.

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT Students are passive in behavioral learning so teacher offer information how they should react and respond to specific stimuli (Western Governors University, 2023). MOTIVATION Positive and negative reinforcement go together, getting students to act a certain way. A teacher may remove elements in order to get students to do something (Western Governors University, 2023).

Learning Occurs

By offering students scaffolded instruction, a process to follow. Conducting an organized curriculum. Strategies and activities that allow for feedback.

Continue to learn the Theoriest

Behavioral Theoriest

John B. Watson & B.F Skinner

There focus is on observable, quatifiable events and behavior, and science should only consider observable indicators. Skinner was interested in learning how consequences of action influence behavior.

Born from psychology during the early 20th century, these theorist believed the actions we chose are shaped by environmental interaction, changing the learners external behavior and how they behave and react in the classroom.

Ivan Pavlov

Classical conditioning process of developing an association between natural occuring and environmental stimulus. Learning occurs by forming associations between natural and previous stimuli.

Edward Thorndike & Clark Hull

Thorndike pioneered the law of effect and Clark Hull proposed the drive theory of education.

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Next Theory

Cognitivism

On one side of the coin is the external nature of behaviorism, and on the other the internal natured cognitivism learning theory (Oyarzun & Conklin, 2021).

Role of Memory

ADDING TO SCHEMA In a learners mind, schema is the construction of existing information, and cognitivism focuses on how the brain internally processes, retains and recalls information. MEMORABLE The information is attached and evolves the level of engagement. .

Click to meet the Theorist

Charateristics

Focuses on the brains internal processes of retaining, and recalling information based on how a learner constructs information (Oyarzun & Conklin, 2021). Learning taxonomies of learning outcomes are used to create objectives and specify the level of learning and appropriate instructional strategies and activities (Oyarzun & Conklin, 2021). Content is well-sequenced and understood in the context of the big picture (Main, 2022).

Learning Occurs

When instruction is designed to enhance the probability that new information will be added to a students existing schema. Instructional information is relatable and can attach to what a student already knows. It is purposeful , self-directed, and stems from the Analysis to Discovery (Main, 2022).

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Cognitivism theoriest

Lev Semenovich Vygotsky

Jean Piaget

Created the zone of proximal development (ZPD. This describes the current or actual level of development and the next level that the learner can attain. The learner learns by working with a skills person, offering them meaningful learning.

Believed that children learn by going through 4 different stages:

Sensorimotor Stage Preoperational Stage Concrete Operational Stage Formal Operational Stage That as children interact with the world around them, they add new knowledge through experiementation and observations.

Maria Montessori

Focused on fostering independence throug using specific learning material, blocks of time for activites and a mixed age classroom.

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Constructivism

Click to learn the Theorist

Characteristics

All knowledge is socially constructed through interactions with others. Learning is an active process. Learning exists only in the mind of a human and does not have to match any type of real-world reality (Mcleod, 2023).

Learning Occurs

Learning is no longer passive but active and is a social, filled with interaction, not abstract concepts (Mcleod, 2023). Classrooms should focus on collaboration, looking at concepts from multiple viewpoints, reflection, and authentic assessment (Mcleod, 2023). All components are student-centered and teachers are facilitators of learning (Mcleod, 2023).

Role of Memory

This is the belief that a person builds meaning through experiences that are influenced by the interaction of prior knowledge and new events (Mcleod, 2023). As a person perceives new experiences, they continually update their mental schema's, reflect on new information and designs their own interpretation of reality (Mcleod, 2023).

Ernst von Glasersfeld

Constructivism Theorist

Jean Piaget

Thought of the idea of radical constructivism. that all knowledge is constructed and we create our own understanding of reality and is always incomplete and subjective (Mcleod, 2023). Knowleddge is invented not discovered and through their own understanding of reality (Mcleod, 2023).

Developed cognitive constructivism. Teaching methods that aid students with incorporating new information with existing experiences (Mcleod, 2023). Based on the fact that knowledge is actively constructed by a learner based on their actual cognitive arrangement and relative to the students stage of cognitive development (Mcleod, 2023).

Lev Semenovich Vygotsky

Developed social cconstructivism. That all functions in achild's cultural development surfaces first on the social level (Mcleod, 2023). Later turning towards an individual level; first with people (interpsychological and then (intrapsychological) within the person (Mcleod, 2023).

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References

Education theorists. (n.d.). Structural Learning. https://www.structural-learning.com/post/education-theorists

Main, P. (2022). Cognitivism Learning Theories: A Teachers Guide. Structural Learning. https://www.structural-learning.com/post/cognitivism-learning-theories

Mcleod, S., PhD. (2023). Constructivism Learning Theory & Philosophy of Education. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/constructivism.html

Oyarzun, B. & Conklin, S. (2021). Learning theories. https://edtechbooks.org/id/learning_theories

Western Governors University. (2023, March 16). What Is The Behavioral Learning Theory? Western Governors University. https://www.wgu.edu/blog/what-behavioral-learning-theory2005.html#close

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