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Insulin

Mackayla Wilson

Created on November 8, 2023

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Transcript

Regular Insulin

Interactive Brochure

But first...

What is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a condition where blood glucose levels are unstable. Glucose is a sugar that comes from foods.

Blood glucose levels are largely controlled by insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas.

Diabetes Has

Two Types.

Type I

formely called juvenile diabetes, occurs when the body attacks cells that create insulin. Type I diabetes is usually diagnosed in children, although adults can develop it, too.

Type II

occurs when either the pancreas does not create enough insulin or cells do not properly use insulin (called insulin resistance). This type of diabetes usually develops during adulthood and is related to genetic and lifestyle factors. Insulin can be used for type II diabetes if other measures have not worked.

So...

What Exactly is Insulin?

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas. It binds to receptors on cells to make them more permeable to glucose.

Think of a cell as a house. Insulin is the key to unlock the door so glucose can get inside.

If insulin is not available or cells do not respond to insulin, they will begin breaking down protein for energy, creating waste that damages the kidneys and liver,

Insulin Factsheet

Novolin R

  • Promotes the storage of the body’s fuels
  • Facilitates the transport of various metabolites and ions across cell membranes
  • Simulates the synthesis of glycogen from glucose, of fats from lipids, of proteins from amino acids
  • Reacts with specific receptor sites on the cells

Therapeutic Action

Adverse Effects

Side Effects

  • Hypoglycemia
  • Hypokalemia

Local reactions at injection sites

  • Any drug that decreases glucose levels
  • Beta-blockers
  • Thazide diuretics
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Various herbal therapies like Saint John's Wort, Ginseng, Aloe Vera, and Ginkgo Biloba

Drug-Drug Interactions

Duration

Peak

Onset

30 minutes

6 - 8 hours

2 - 4 hours

What

Supplies

Should I Gather?

Prep

Alcohol wipes or swabs

Choose an Injector

Insulin syringe

Insulin pen

Insulin jet

Monitor

Glucose monitor

What Side Effects Should I Watch Out For?

Local Injection Site Reactions

Although insulin itself is identical to the insulin made by the pancreas, you may still have a allergic reaction to any perservatives or additives. Monitor the injection site for any excessive redness or irritation. If an allergic reaction does occur, discontinue use and seek medical attention immediately. Lipodystrophy is a common injection site reaction that is characterized by abnormal fat distribution. To avoid this, rotate injection sites.

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia occurs when blood glucose is lower than 70 mg/dl and can be caused by injecting too much insulin.

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

Uncontrollable shaking

Fast heart rate

Sweating

Extreme hunger

Confusion and difficulty concentrating

Dizziness

It is good practice to double check that you are injecting the right amount of insulin.

Hypokalemia

Insulin also makes the cell more permeable to potassium, a crucial electrolyte responsible for muscle contraction. Too little potassium in the blood is called hypokalemia, and presents symptoms such as fatigue, muscle cramps, abnormal heart rhythms, and constipation.

Symptoms of Hypokalemia

Abnormal heart rhythms

Fatigue

Muscle cramps

Constipation

If you experience these symptoms, contact your healthcare provider. They will likely provide potassium replacement and recommend a supplement or diet of potassium-rich foods like bananas, leafy greens, beans, and squash.

What

Lifestyle Changes

Will I Have to Make?

Be prepared to inject your insulin 30 minutes before a meal. Dose amounts and frequency will be recommended by your healthcare provider. Be sure to closely follow their instructions.

30:00

Monitor your blood glucose levels. Check before breakfast, before meals, two hours after meals, and at bedtime.

Adopt or continue a healthy diet. Mediterranean, DASH, and vegeterian diets all place emphasis on fruits, vegetables, polyunsaturated or monosaturated fats, and lean or plant protein.

Aim for 150 minutes of exercise per week. Finding a sport or activity you enjoy will make it more likely that you will stick to your exercise routine.

Avoid alcohol Alcohol is high in sugar and changes the effectiveness of insulin.

Be careful. High blood glucose can affect wound healing, so avoid getting cuts, wounds, or other injuries. If this does happen, make sure to closely monitor the wound and keep it clean. Even a small cut can grow into a chronic ulcer.

But most importantly...

Always discuss lifestyle changes with your healthcare provider prior to implementing them.

Modifications in diet and exercise can change blood glucose and require a dosage change. Your healthcare provider can also recommend modifications to your plan so you get the best outcomes.

Meet Bob

Bob is a 44-year-old man recently diagnosed with diabetes. He eats a healthy diet and exercises regularly, but other treatments have not been adequately effective in treating his diabetes. Recently he was prescribed to take insulin, which has been successful. Although he has been achieving his A1C goal and keeping is his blood glucose within normal limits, he is still adjusting to his new lifestyle. Let's help Bob make some good choices throughout his day.

Wakey Wakey!

Bob just woke up from a good night's rest!

Now, Bob has to choose an injection site. Yesterday evening, he chose to do his insulin injection in his abdomen.

After having breakfast, Bob decides to go on a run. He had forgotten that today is the weekly farmer's market and now he wants to pick up some items for dinner.

Tap on the item he should avoid for dinner.

During his afternoon bookclub, Bob and his friend begins talking about insulin.

"I don't like that I have to take insulin injections everyday, but I am grateful that my blood sugar is finally under control." Says Bob."Yeah, I know you hate needles. I heard about this plant that's supposed to help with diabetes. Do you want to try it?" Asks his friend.

Bob invites another friend for over to his home for dinner. He takes his insulin, eats his meal, and they both sit on the couch to watch a movie.

Bob's friend realizes that he suddenly seems confused about what's going on in the movie. He is also shaking and she sees sweat forming on his face.