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Bioquímica l

América VM

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Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad JuárezInstituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Bioquímica l Unidad IV – Semana 13 – Actividad D7

mecanismos de accion de la quimiotripsina, la hexoquinasa, la enolasa y la lisozima.

América Villalobos Montana, 205199 Carlos Limones Ochoa, 211543 Jesús Manuel Quiñonez Contreras, 196838 Ángel Alberto Torres Terrazas, 205503

Indice

1. Quimiotripsina

(Carlos limónes)

2. Hexoquinasa

(Ángel Torres)

3. Enolasa

(América Villalobos)

4. Lisozima

(Jesús Quiñónez)

Quimiotripsina

¿Que es la quimiotripsina?

La enzima es importante y juega un papel importante en el proceso digestivo humano. Esta enzima es un tipo de proteasa serina, una categoría de enzimas que se encarga de degradar proteínas durante el proceso de digestión.

Aplicaciones biologicas

Para evitar la autodigestión del tejido pancreático, el páncreas produce proteasas serinas, como la quimotripsina, en forma inactiva, como zimógenos o proenzimas. La quimotripsina se produce primero como quimotripsinógeno.

El quimotripsinógeno, que se secreta en el duodeno, parte del intestino delgado, es activado por la tripsina, otra enzima, cortando ciertos péptidos. La quimotripsina puede realizar su función de degradación de proteínas una vez que se activa.

Mecanismo primera fase

1 . Encuadernación de sustrato.

2. Formación de ion alcoxido y sus respectivos ataques. 3. Liberación del primer péptido

Mecanismo

Paso 1
Paso 3
Paso 2

Mecanismo segunda fase

5. Generación de un grupo Hidroxilo

4. Entrada de agua en sitio activo

Mecanismo

6. Regeneración de sitio activo

Hexoquinasa

Descripcion

- Presenta una estructura en forma de U. - La hexoquinasa pertenece a la clase transferasa. - Se debe de destacar que se le nombra quinasa debido a que tiene la capacidad de transferir grupos fosfatos por medio de una molécula de ATP hacia un sustrato específico o blanco.

Funcion

La hexoquinasa corresponde a la enzima que cataliza la primera reacción de la vía glucolítica de todos los organismos vivos, específicamente la fosforilación de la glucosa a glucosa 6-fosfato por medio del consumo de una molécula de ATP.

Tipo de reaccion enzimatica

La reacción producida por la hexoquinasa se le denomina encaje inducido, la cual consiste en una versión modificada del modelo llave y cerradura.

Reaccion enzimatica

- El hidroxilo en la posición C-6 de la molécula de glucosa es similar en reactividad química al agua, la cual penetra libremente en el sitio activo de la glucosa. - La enzima puede discriminar entre la glucosa y el agua producido por un cambio conformacional que se produce en la misma cuando se une al sustrato adecuado. -Cuando no hay glucosa presente, la enzima se encontrará en una conformación inactiva, donde se encontrarán las cadenas laterales de los aminoácidos del sitio activo en posiciones no adecuadas para la reacción.

Reaccion enzimatica

- La reacción de hexoquinasa también promueve que la especificidad enzimática no siempre es un simple problema de fijación de un compuesto en lugar de otro. - Detalladamente, se capta especificidad en las velocidades relativas de reacción incrementadas en presencia de grupos fosforilos (aceptores funcionales de la glucosa).

enolasa

La enolasa es una enzima glucolítica que cataliza la reacción reversible de deshidratación del D-2-fosfoglicerato a fosfoenolpiruvato.

La deshidratación del 2-fosfoglicerato hasta el fosfoenolpiruvato es un paso clave en la glucólisis. - La localización de la enolasa en la célula se limita al citosol

Funciones

– Participa en el mantenimiento de la forma celular así como en el tráfico vesicular al interactuar con proteínas del citoesqueleto. – En los patógenos, tales como Streptococcus pneumoniae y Trypanosoma cruzi, parece que actúa como un importante factor de virulencia. - En Streptococcus pyogenes, la enolasa se excreta al medio extracelular facilitando la degradación de tejidos y la evasión del sistema inmune en el hospedador. – En la superficie de células tumorales es expresada potenciando la metástasis.
Sitio coformacional
Sitio catalitico

La enolasa interviene en la reacción de glucólisis en el paso del 2-fosfo-D-glicerato al fosfoenolpiruvato, molécula con alto contenido energético.

Se une a los iones luego de que el sustrato se ha unido a la enzima. La unión de iones a ambos sitios es vital para que la reacción pueda proceder.

mECANISMO DE ACCIoN

pASO 1
pASO 3
pASO 2

Lisozima

¿qUe ES?

La lisozima es una enzima especial que se encuentra en las lágrimas, la saliva, el sudor y otros fluidos corporales. Destruye las bacterias que intentan ingresar a nuestro cuerpo a través de estos conductos. En el caso de las lágrimas, protegen nuestros ojos de los invasores bacterianos

Estructura

- Existen 3 tipos de lisozimas, tipo C, G, I- Contiene 130 residuos de aminoácidos, 4 exones y 3 intrones - Se divide en dos dominios Alfa y beta - 4 hélices alfa, 1 lamina beta antiparalela y un bucle

mECANISMO DE ACCIoN

El sustrato es la N-acetilglucosamina y el ácido N-acetilmurámico. La lisozima hidroliza o rompe los eslabones de la cadena de glucano peptidoglicano. .

mECANISMO DE ACCIoN

Esta enzima daña las células bacterianas catalizando la hidrólisis de las uniones beta 1,4 entre los residuos de ácido N-acetilmurámico y N-acetil-D-glucosamina en un peptidoglicano.

rEFERENCIAS

Gálvez-Iriqui, Alma Carolina, Plascencia-Jatomea, Maribel, & Bautista-Baños, Silvia. (2020). Lisozimas: características, mecanismo de acción y aplicaciones tecnológicas en el control de microorganismos patógenos. Revista mexicana de fitopatología, 38(3), 360-383. Epub 27 de noviembre de 2020.https://doi.org/10.18781/r.mex.fit.2005-6 Lifeder. (18 de diciembre de 2020). Lisozima: características, estrucutra, funciones. Recuperado de: https://www.lifeder.com/lisozima/. Ahern, K., Rajagopal, K., Tan, T. (2017). “Mecanismos de catálisis”. Oregon State University. https://espanol.libretexts.org/Biologia/Bioqu%C3%ADmica/Libro%3A_Bioqu%C3%ADmica_Gratis_Para_Todos_%28Ahern%2C_Rajagopal_y_Tan%29/04%3A_Cat%C3%A1lisis/4.03%3A_Mecanismos_de_Cat%C3%A1lisis Dinovo EC, Boyer PD. Isotopic probes of the enolase reaction mechanism. Initial and equilibrium isotope exchange rates: primary and secondary isotope effects. J Biol Chem. Clínica Universidad de Navarra (2023). “Quimiotripsina”. Diccionario Médico. https://www.cun.es/diccionario-medico/terminos/quimotripsina D.L. Nelson & M.M. Cox. (2015). Lehninger: Principios de bioquímica. Sexta edición. Ediciones Omega. Pp. 219-220. Khan Academy. (2018). Las enzimas y el sitio activo. Consultado el 4 de noviembre del 2023, de: https://es.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cellular-energetics/enzyme-structure-and-catalysis/a/enzymes-and-the-active-site

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