THE SIX-YEAR DEMOCRATIC PERIOD AND THE RESTORATION
FROM THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
TO THE REIGN OF ISABEL II
SPAIN IN THE
19TH CENTURY
ART AND CULTURE IN THE 19TH CENTURY
TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE 19TH CENTURY
FROM THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE TO THE REIGN OF ISABEL i i
The early 19th century
Isabel II and the Carlist wars
The War of Independence and Fernando VII
The Spanish War of Independence began ...
María Cristina
Isabel II
Isabel II was not very popular. During her reign there were many problems:
Some politicians and intellectuals saw the opportunity to ...
Political conflict
Economic crisis
Colonies
Wars
The war ended ...
All this led to a revolution called La Gloriosa and Isabel had to abdicate in the year 1868.
Fernando VII
THE SIX-YEAR DEMOCRATIC PERIOD AND THE RESTORATION
The Restoration (1875–1885)
The Six-Year Democratic Period
In 1874, the Parliament was dissolved and the Republic ended. Some politicians, like Cánovas del Castillo, had been preparing to reintroduce the monarchy. Isabel II’s son, Alfonso XII, became the new king, restoring the Bourbon dynasty to the throne.
Provisional government (1868–1871)
Constitutional monarchy (1871–1873)
The Regency period (1885–1902)
The First Republic (1873–1874)
There were also serious problems, such as the loss of Spain’s last remaining colonies: Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. Maria Cristina’s regency ended when Alfonso XIII turned 16 and became king.
Amadeo I of Savoy
María Cristina and Alfonso XIII
TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE 19TH CENTURY
The economy
Society
In the 19th century, the Spanish economy was based on different activities: mining, farming, agriculture and industry.
Society was divided into classes.
The Industrial Revolution
Agriculture
Nobility
People working in the city.
Church
Bourgeoisie
Middle class
A 19th-century factory.
People working in agriculture.
Peasants and workers
19th-century bourgeoisie.
ART AND CULTURE IN THE 19TH CENTURY
Literature
Painting
19th-century literature also reflects the social and political changes of the time.
The ’98 Generation
Realism
Romanticism
El 3 de mayo en Madrid, Francisco de Goya
Biblioteca Nacional de España, Madrid
Joaquín Sorolla was an Impressionist painter who captured the light of the Mediterranean Sea.
Education and culture
There were some laws to improve education and reduce illiteracy. Moyano’s Law made education mandatory for boys and girls, although for girls only until the age of nine. Some institutions, like the Free Teaching Institution, were created and promoted liberal education.
Architecture
Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid